RURAL ECONOMICS. 287 



United Kiugdoni, and the effect of the various charges on the price of these 

 staple farm products. 



The estimated average cost of carrying cotton and wheat in the United 

 States and to the United Kingdom during the year ended June 30, I'OOtt. is as 

 follows: From local shipping points to seaports, 40 cts. per 100 lbs. for cottoa 

 and 12.0 cts. per bushel for wheat ; from all ports to Liverpool. 32 cts. per 100 

 lbs. for cotton and 9.0 cts. per bushel for wheat. At Gaheston, New Orleans, 

 Savannah, and New York, which are the 4 principal export points for cotton, 

 the mean of the daily closing prices for Upland middling cotton was 11 cts. per 

 pound, while in England the mean price was 12.1 cts. per pound. The average 

 price of wheat in Chicago, Minneapolis, and Kansas City was 85.1 cts. per 

 bushel, while the average import value of all wheat brought into the United 

 Kingdom from the United States was 95.9 cts. per bushel. The average freight 

 rate on wheat to the United Kingdom from all exporting countries was 9 cts. 

 per bushel for distances ranging from 3.000 to 15.000 miles, which rate was 

 " only one and two-thirds times the cost of hauling over 9 miles of country roads 

 in the United States." 



" Judging from the changes during the past few generations, it is natural 

 to expect that costs of freight on land and water may be lower in the future 

 than at present. Improved methods of loading and unloading freight, econ- 

 omies in the disposition of cars and vessels so as to avoid more than at present 

 the hauling of empty cars and the making of voyages in ballast, and an increase 

 in the quantity of valuable freight leaving high rates per unit of weight would 

 all tend to lower the cost of transporting farm products." 



The effect of wages and the cost of products in different systems of culti- 

 vation, Waterstradt (Fiililiiitj's Laiulir. Ztg.. o6 (1901), Xo. 10. />/>. 32i)-S-lil). — 

 The author gives the methods and i-esults of investigations to determine what 

 system of crop rotation will give the best financial returns when the factors 

 entering into the cost of production are known. Six systems of rotation were 

 tested, and the data regarding the number of hours of labor, cost of fertilizers, 

 value of crops, etc.. are tabulated and discussed. In general it is believed that 

 there really is no best system of rotation, as managing ability, the cost of pro- 

 duction, and the wages of labor are more important in determining final returns 

 than any system of cultivation. 



The agricultural and rural institutions of the world at the commencement 

 of the twentieth century, L. Grandeau {L'Agricultiire et les Institutions Agri- 

 colts dn Monde an Connnrnccmeut du XXe Hiccle. Paris: Govt., 1905-6, vols. 1. 

 pp. VII-\-75.i, figs. 193; 2, pp. 151, figs. 126; 3, pp. 752, figs. 130; Jf, pp. 61J,, figs. 

 101). — This is a general treatise on the agriculture of the world based on the 

 agricultural and horticultural exhibits at the Paris Exposition in 1900. The 

 statistics of each country are separately discussed and embrace every phase of 

 agriculture, forestry, and rural economics. The data having been compiled from 

 ri'IiabU' sources, serve as useful comparisons of the population, agricultural pro- 

 (Uution. and rural economy of niearly all nations of the world at the opening of 

 the twentieth century. 



Crop Reporter (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Stntis. Crop Reporter, 9 {1901), Xo. 9. 

 lip. (;.>-72).— Statistics and notes on the condition of ci'ops, and the supplies, 

 value, prices, and imports of farm and forest products in the United States 

 and foreign countries are summarized. 



[Agricultural statistics of Belgium] {Ann. Statis. Behj.. 31 {1906), pp. 



XLI-XLVIII. 285-313). — Statistical data on the agricultural population, wages 



of lalxirers, extent of arable land and forests, (piantity and prices of products, 



number of live stock, etc.. are tabulated and discussed. The data in general are 



14G39— No. 3—07 7 



