HOETTCULTUEE. 541 



In the present work the iiifuU'iits which led to the development of " training " 

 are described, the investii^ations :ind results upon which the author's conclusions 

 are based are discussed at lenjrth, and the effort is made to show how "train- 

 ing" maj' be applied iu reorganizing the citrus industry of .South Africa on a 

 tirm basis, financially and otherwise. The lemon, Cape Seedling and Seville 

 oranges, and pamplemous (pomelo) are compared with regard to their value as 

 stocks, and consideration is given to seed bed and nursery practices, trans- 

 planting operations, the science of budding and grafting, and the Mal-di- 

 gomma (root-rot). 



According to the author the intiuences of the stock on citrus fruit are only 

 conspicuous when "(1) the stock shall greatly differ from the fruit (as, for 

 instance, the lemon and orange), and (2) when the stock is able to assert its 

 full unchecked inlluences in complete atllliation with the scion and by ample 

 moisture." As a result of his experience the lemon is severely discounted as a 

 stock for the orange, since the fruit is said to partake of the nature of the stock 

 and to become thereby acidulated. 



The author attempts to show that high-grade fruit can only be produced by 

 equally high-grade stocks, and " that the only way iu which the growth of the 

 grafted variety may be made to equal the growth of the stock is by constantly 

 associating and reassociating, again and again, the tree carrying the scion that 

 produces high-grade fruit with another stock similar in all respects to that on 

 which the high-grade fruit is already growing and flourishing to perfection." 



To bring about this result is the purpose of the '* Masters training system," 

 which consists of a series of budding and grafting known as first-union, second- 

 union, and third-union grafting. A " training first-union " is defined, in sub- 

 stance, as a scion from any adult tree budded at or close to the crown of a stock 

 which has been cut down. A " training second-union " is by preference a graft 

 grown by the previous first union taken as soon as the wood is ripe and grafted 

 on the same kind of stock again, which has been cut back to within about 4 in. 

 of the crown. A " training third-union " is a graft or bud inserted some 10 or 

 12 in. above the surface of the soil, usually at the base of the main branches on 

 the growing stock not cut down until later. In the first and second union graft- 

 ing operations one stock sprout is allowed to grow along with the scion, and 

 until the scion sprout practically equals the growth of the stock sprout the 

 second union gi*afting operation is repeated. When the two growths are about 

 equal, the third-union graft is made and the tree considei'ed trained for the 

 orchard. 



The author claims for this system that although fruiting is retarded by the 

 continued regrafting the growth in later years will be much more satisfactory, 

 and, providing the fruit growing on the trees from which the stocks and scions 

 originally came was of superior type, that the quality of the fruit will be 

 superior to that of promiscuously grafted fruits. 



Curing the lemon, W. .J. Allen (Agr. Gas. .Y. »S'. Wales, IS {1901). Mo. 6, 

 PI). 503-.') 10. fiffs. 10). — A ])opular description of the process of curing lemons, 

 together with the equipment used, based on practices employed in California. 



On the dwarf coffee of the Sassandra, Coffea humilis, A. Chevalier (Compt. 

 Rend. Acail. Sci. \I'(iris], /'/.) (IHOI). A'o. .7. />/*. .I'iS-.llO). — The author gives 

 an account of the occurrence and distribution together with the botanical 

 description of a new species of coffee found by M. Fleury on the Ivory Coast, 

 and which the author has named Coffea hitDiilis. TIh' bush of this species is 

 much smaller than other coffees and grows under dense forest shade. It i.s 

 not very fruitful, however, and on this account is of value only as a botanical 

 curiosity. 



