682 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 



4.28 per cent, milk sugar 4.50 per ceut, and asli 0.82 per cent. The specific 

 gravity was 1.0320. 



[Unfermented apple juice], S. H. Shank {Daily Consular and Trade Rpts. 

 [U. /S'.], 1907, Xo. 3035, p. 7). — A note regarding the manufacture of pure apple, 

 juice free from alcohol is given, and includes the result of the chemical analy- 

 sis of the product. 



Chemical investigations of musts and wines made of sound and diseased 

 grapes, A. Beneschovsky (Ztschr. Landiv. Vcrsitchstr. Osterr., JO (1907), Xo. 

 9, pp. 6S5-703). — From the investigation of a large number of samples of musts 

 and wines made from sound grapes and grapes from vines afflicted with Perono- 

 spora, Oidium, and brunissure, the author concludes that (1) grapes afflicted 

 with Peronospora produced wine with less alcohol and therefore of smaller 

 value, and (2) that wines from diseased grapes have as high an average con- 

 tent of extract as those from sound grapes. 



Wood distillation, AV. C. Geer {U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Serv. Circ. ll), pp. 

 8). — A poi>ular publication prepared for use in answering inquiries regarding 

 commercial distillation of hardwood and softwood and, the quantity of the 

 products obtained. It explains brietly the processes of destructive and steam 

 distillation, the apparatus employed, the resulting products, and the uses of 

 the latter. 



VETERINARY MEDICINE. 



The unsuspected but dang'erously tuberculous cow, E. C. Schroeder (U. S. 

 Dept. Ayr., Bur. Aiiini. Indus. Circ. JIS. jip. 19, fif/s. 7). — It has been shown 

 that the interval between infection and the time when tubercle bacilli are dis- 

 seminated by cows is long enough to permit a dairyman to keep his herd free 

 from dangerously tuberculous cows by means of an annual tuberculin test. 

 This test gives no information as to the extent to which cattle are affected, and 

 it is impossible to determine at any stage that a tuberculous cow is not danger- 

 ous. For practical purposes, therefore, it is necessary to assume that every 

 tuberculous cow is dangerous from the moment of infection. 



According to repeated tests and bacteriological examinations the connnonest 

 way in which tubercle bacilli leave the body of infected cattle is in the feces. 

 An examination of 172 samples of milk sold in the District of Columbia showed 

 that 70 i)er cent of these samples contained cattle feces. The presence of feces 

 in milk from tuberculous herds is conclusive evidence that the milk also contains 

 tubercle bacilli. 



The physical appearance of cows is no indication of the extent of infection. 

 The dangerously tuberculous cow may continue to look and behave like a per- 

 fectly healthy animal for several years, during all of which time she distributes 

 tubercle bacilli in her feces or milk. Illustrations are given to show the healthy 

 appearance of 7 dangerously tuberculous cows, G of which were removetl from 

 dairy herds furnishing milk to the District of Columbia. The injection of 

 minute quantities of the feces of these cows was sufficient to produce generalized 

 tuberculosis in guinea pigs. About 40 per cent of cattle which react to tuber- 

 culin are dangerous, for the reason that they distribute tubercle bacilli in the 

 feces or by other means. The butter made from milk soiled with the feces of 

 one of these cows produced tuberculosis in guinea pigs, and the virulence of the 

 tubercle bacilli in the butter was not diminished after a period of 4!) days. 



Orig-in of tuberculosis, J. Bongert (Dent. Tieriirztl. Wctmschr.. 15 (1907), 

 Xo. 29, pp. .'i05-'i08). — The literature relating to tuberculous lesions is reviewed 

 with particular reference to the work of J. Bartel and E. von Behring. The 

 lungs are considered as more exposed than any other organ to infection with 



