VETERINARY MEDICINE. 683 



tuberculosis. There may be a primary infection by inhalation, or a secondary 

 infection may arise l)y extension from some other organ. Moreover, the ])ul- 

 monary tissue is less resistant than the mucous lining of the intestines. A 

 quantity of tubercle bacilli too small to produce infection in the intestines may 

 give positive results if injected into the trachea. 



Comparative experiments with inhalation and alimentary tuberculosis, H. 

 FiNDEL (Ztschr. Hyg. u. InfectionskranJc, 57 {1907), Xo. 1, jyp. lO't-loS). — Ex- 

 periments were undertaken to determine the relative ease of infection with tu- 

 bercle bacilli through the lungs and the alimentary tract. The experimental 

 animals were guinea pigs, dogs, and a calf. The bacilli were introduced into 

 the lungs through a healed tracheotomy wound. The danger of infection througli 

 the alimentary tract was found to be very slight as compared with that through 

 the lungs. With dogs it was found that 1.200 times as large a dose is required 

 to cause infection through the digestive organs as through the lungs. 



In the case of guinea pigs tiie difference was even greater. Young guinea 

 pigs proved more susceptible to pulmonary infection than adults. A dose of 02 

 tnbei'cle bacilli in the lungs produced infection in every case and fi-equently 

 positive results were obtained from 20 bacilli. A dose 19,000 times as great 

 failed to cause infection through the intestines. In one comparative test the 

 infectious alimentary dose was 0,000,0(t0 times as large as the pulmonary dose. 

 The author believes that his results may be applied to other animals and to 

 man, and that the danger of alimentarj' infection is very slight. 



Atypical cases of tuberculosis, F. Henschel {Ztschr. Flvisch u. MUchliyy.. 

 17 (1007), Ao 11, pp. 377-383). — It is held that the occurrence of cases of tuber- 

 culosis with an atypical course does not render it necessary to examine the inter- 

 muscular lymphatic glands in all cases of tuberculosis. The author admits that 

 occasionally the meat inspector passes carcasses of beef and pork which never- 

 theless show tuberculous intermuscular glands. 



Skin reaction to tuberculin, F. Arloing (Compt. Rend, fe'oc. Biol. [Paris], 

 63 {1007), Ao. 27, pp. 2)7, 2JiS). — Previous experiments by the author gave un- 

 satisfactory results with this method. In another test dogs and go^its failed to 

 give good skin reactions, but reacted in the usual manner to subcutaneous injec- 

 tions of tuberculin. 



Application of von Behring's method of immunizing cattle against tuber- 

 culosis, Ci. A. Billings {'Sew Jersey titas. Rpt. 190G, pp. 35i)-3()7). — A brief 

 review is given of some of the results obtained from the application of von 

 Behring's vaccination method on the control of bovine tuberculosis. This 

 method was applied to 7 calves and 2 adult cattle, all of which were vaccinated 

 on February 24 and again on May 28. The records thus far kept of the behavior 

 of these animals indicate a slight temperature disturbance in two of them, 

 due probably to the presence of an incipient tuberculosis. 



Combating bovine tuberculosis with bo vo vaccine and tauruman (Arch. 

 Deut. Laitdic. Jx'aths., 31 {1907), pp. 12 1-1. ',9). —The results obtained in Mecklen- 

 burg-Strelitz and also in Argentina from the use of bovovaccine and tauruman 

 have been variable. In one instance 8 out of J) cattle vaccinated according to 

 the method of von Behring proved later to be tuberculous as shown by the 

 tuberculin test. The method needs to be tested more extensively. 



Leucocytosis in cattle, Utendcjrfer {Arcli. Wiss. u. Prakt. Ticrhcilk., 33 

 {1907), Xo. .'i-5, pp. 329-371). — The number of leucocytes in the blood of cattle 

 varies with age, being greatest in young cattle. Sex and castration have no 

 influence upon the number. As a rule there are more eosinophilous cells in 

 cattle than in man. There is no leucocytosis during digestion or pregnancy. 

 The udder produces specific nutrient substances which have an influence upon 

 the formation of eosinophilous cells. 



