ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 961 



history, and moans of conihatini; the important insect pests of g:arden crops, 

 among wliicli particular mention is made of asi»arayus, beans, peas, beets, cab- 

 baj?e, cucurl)its. celery, parsnips, sweet corn, potatoes, tomatoes, and sweet 

 potatoes. A l)iblio,irraphy is jjiven of some of tlie more important and available 

 publications rel.-itinjj to the subjects tn^atcd in the volume. 



The scale insects, bark lice, and mealy bug's, C. Fuller (Natal Agr. Jour, 

 and Min. Rec, JO (WOl), No. 9, pp. lOS 1-1055, pis. 6, flys. 8).—X larjie number 

 of native species of scale insects have proved injurious in Natal and certain 

 other species hjive been introduced. These species are described and notes are 

 given on their distribution, food plants, and life history. Brief suggestions are 

 made regarding the best method for combating scale insects. 



Control of scale in old apple orchards, P. J. Paerott, H. E. Hodgkiss, and 

 W. J. SciioKNE {Sew York >Statc »S7(/. Bill. 2!I6, pp. 30, pis. .'/). — ^The experi- 

 ments reported in this bulletin were carried out on old apple orchards badly 

 infested with San Jose scale. Many of the trees were 50 years old and com- 

 pletel.v infested with scale. A variety of insecticides was tried with particular 

 reference to the detei-mination of their cost and effectiveness. 



The amount of material applied per tree varied from 5 gal. of crude oil alone 

 to 22 gal. of a sulphur wash followed with oil emulsion. The cost of treatment 

 varied from 21 to SS cts. per tree according to the insecticide used and the 

 method of application. The sprays recommended on the basis of these experi- 

 ments for the control of the scale are sulphur washes, homemade oil emulsions, 

 and proprietary miscible oils, the first two being preferable, all things 

 considei'ed. 



It was conclusively shown that scale insects may be profitably controlled on 

 peach, plum, pear, and apple trees, even after these have been allowed to be- 

 come badly infested. No serious injury was observed from the use of any of 

 the insecticides. On the basis of efficiency, cheapness, and safety, boiled lime- 

 sul])hur wash and homemade oil emulsions proved most satisfactory and it is 

 believed that the annual application of either of these insecticides will give 

 the desired results. 



Saving old orchards from scale, F. H. Hall (New York State Hta. Bui. 29(1, 

 liDjiular C(l., pp. 10, pg. /).— A popular edition of the above. 



White fly in California, C. W. Woodworth {California Sta. Circ. 30, pp. 

 JG, figs. 12). — California has previously been free from white fly but it has 

 now appeared in citrus orchards in ]\Iarysville. It is believed that the fly 

 has been present in this locality for fully a year. Attention is called to the 

 great destruction which this insect may cause in citrus orchards and to the 

 necessity of vigorous work along the line of eradication in view of the aijpar- 

 ent limited distribution of the pest at the present time. The life history and 

 habits of the white fly are described. 



White fly eradication, C. W. Woodworth (California Sta. Circ. 32, pp. 15, 

 figs. 11, map 1). — Soon after the discovery of the presence of white fiy in 

 Marysville, California, a vigorous campaign of ei-adication w^is undertaken, 

 dependence being placed largely on defoliation of citrus trees and other 

 I rees upon which the white fly feeds. In some cases the work was well done 

 but many instances of bad practice were noted. An especial complaint is 

 made of delaying the work until the files were on the wnng and could, there- 

 fore, make their escape to other trees. The brush and leaves removed from 

 orchards were allowed to remain in heaps too long or were scattered about 

 the streets and therefore permitted the reinfestation of the orchards. 



In organizing a campaign for the eradication of this pest the author suggests 

 the appointment of a horticultural staff to assist the orchardist in restoring 

 to a bearing condition the stumps of trees which were defoliated. Another 

 staff of inspectors is suggested with the duty of determining the exact distri- 



