ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 1055 



causing jiroat (lanin.uce to string and Lima beans by ixtring in the stem, roots, 

 and brandies. The insect is rather ditticnlt to coml)at. It is suggested, however, 

 that as soon as tlie beans have been harvested, the stems and roots should be at 

 once collected and destroyed. Some beuelit may also be derived from a suitable 

 rotation of crops. 



Experiments with sterilized manure to control the mushroom maggot, 

 M. A. Blakk and Jennik A. Yoorukks (New e/cr.scy Stas. Ritt. 1907, />/;. 133- 

 136, pi. 1). — The mushroom maggot has become such a pest in some of the mush- 

 room cellars that many growers have been compelled to abandon the raising 

 of mushrooms during the summer. An experiment was made in which the 

 'manure used in mushroom raising was sterilized in boxes by means of steam. 

 The bed in which the sterilized manure was used was more uniform and moist 

 throughout the test. It produced more than twice as many mushrooms, but 

 they weighed less than one-half as much as those produced by unsterilized 

 manure. The method is not considered practicable, but the unfavorable results 

 may dejieud upon some unknown factor. The matter will be studied further. 



Chelonia caja, li. Brunet (Rev. Vit., 29 (1008), 2Vo. 733, p. 5, pi. i).— The 

 adult females of this si)eeies lay their eggs on grasses and various other plants, 

 but the growing caterpillars apparently feed by preference on the buds of grape- 

 vines. The damage thus done is considerable, for the reason that the cater- 

 pillars eat only portions of each bud and are thus able to prevent the develop- 

 ment of a large number of buds. The pest may best be controlled by hand- 

 I»icking the caterpillars. 



Results of experiments in the control of the olive fly, Chapelle (Bui. 

 Mens. Off. Renseig. Agr. [Paris], 6 (1907), Ao. 12, pp. i.'/6'.5-i-J70). —Experiments 

 were carried on in testing a number of formulas which had been recommended 

 by Italian investigators as effective in the control of the olive tiy. The majority 

 of the formulas used called for molasses and an arsenate with or without the 

 addition of honey and glycerin. The results obtained were fairly satisfactory. 

 A simple mixture of molasses and arsenate of soda in w^ater was also shown to 

 be effective. These treatments in combination with the proper destruction of 

 infested olives are likely to control the pest. 



Orchard spraying, O. M. Morris and J. F. Nicholson (Oklahoma Sta. Bui. 

 76, pp. 32, figs. 22). — A series of experiments was carried on for the purpose of 

 determining the economy and effectiveness of spraying for codling moth and 

 other insect pests. The work was done in commercial orchards, some of the 

 trees being sprayed once, others three times, and still others five times, while 

 unsin-ayed rows were left as checks. The first two sprayings were done with a 

 hand pump, maintaining a pressure on the nozzle of from 30 to 40 lbs., and 

 the remainder with a gasoline engine power pump with a pressure of 125 lbs. 

 In a comparison of Paris green and arsenate of lead there appeared to be no 

 advantage in favor of either excei)t that the latter I'emained in solution longer. 

 Bordeaux mixture was used in each si)raying. The percentage of fruit free 

 from worms was 71.0 on trees sprayed once, 70 on trees si)rayed three times, 

 and o;>.4 per cent on trees s[»rayed five times, and the correspoiuliug percentages 

 of fruit free from disease were 25, 03, and 01.7 i)or cent. Notes are also given 

 on the choice of aitiiaratus and on the preparation of mixtures of Bordeaux and 

 Paris green. 



The life history of the codling moth is described in considerable detail. It 

 api)ears that in Oklahoma there are two broods of this insect overlapping one 

 another in time of api)earance. A brief account is also given of plum curculio, 

 cankerworm, bitter rot, apple scab, api»]e rust, apple blotch, and fly-speck 

 disease. 



48025— No. 11-08 5 



