HORTICULTURE. 1143 



yields increased from GO boxes, valued at $54, in 1898, to 5,025 boxes, worth 

 $5,901, in loot), or a net return of over $725 per acre. The total number of boxes 

 for the whole period was 14,323. yielding a net return of $12,092. 



Starting young orchards, W. M. Munson (West Virginia 8ta. Bui. 116, pp. 

 211-2-iS, pis. 7). — This contains a brief popular discussion of orchard cultiva- 

 tion, mulching, cropping, and cover crops. Suggestions are also given relative 

 to the use of various cover crops, and methods of j)runing and spraying. 



In an appended paper, Enemies of Young Fruit Trees, by W. E. Rumsey and 

 F. E. Brooks, the insects and mammals injurious to young fruit trees are dis- 

 cussetl and suggestions given for their control. A brief paper by H. Atwood. 

 Poultry in the (Orchard, deals with poultry management in connection with 

 orchard culture. 



Cold storage fruit notes, 1907, A. D. Cairns (Jour. Dept. Agr. West. Aust., 

 15 (IH07), yu. 12, pp. iiOJ-'JOU). — Data are given relative to the keeping quali- 

 ties of several varieties of apricots, peaches, plums, nectarines, apples, and 

 pears stored Iti the government refrigerating works during the season of 1907. 



The respiration of apples and its relation to their keeping, F. W. Morse 

 {New HanipsJiire Sta. Bui. 13'), pp. 8o-!)2, figs. 2). — The author conducted ex- 

 periments for two seasons with the view of determining the rapidity with 

 which ai)i)les change in comitosition when stored at different temjieratures, 

 the rate being measured by determining the amount of carbon dioxid given off 

 by the fruit at different temperatures. A simple apparatus, which is illustrated 

 and described, was used for the purpose of collecting and measuring the car- 

 bon dioxid. About 2 kg. of perfectly sound Baldwin apples were used in each 

 experiment, and the tempei*atures maintained, 32° F., 40 to 50°, and G8 to 80°, 

 approximated cold storage, cool cellar, and summer conditions, respectively. 

 The length of time during which the carbt)n dioxid was collected ranged from 

 5 to 48 hours of continuous circulation. During the first season measurements 

 were made at different periods from October to March, inclusive, and during 

 the second at different dates during March. 



The results for the first season as recalculated for 1 kg. of fruit and 1 hour 

 of time show the average rate of exhalation of carbon dioxid to be IS mg. 

 at summer temperature, 8.1 mg. at cellar temperature, and 2.7 mg. at the cold 

 storage temperature. The results of the second season's work show the 

 average rate to be 13.2 mg. at 50°, 5.2 mg. at 32°, and 21.9 mg. at 68°. 



Since the rate of exhalation of carbon dioxid is an indication of the rate 

 of chemical change within the fruit, it is deduced that changes of composition 

 must take place from 4 to times as fast at sunnuer temperatures as in cold 

 storage, and from 2 to 3 times as fast in cool cellars as in cold storage. Fancy 

 apples intended for long keeping in cold storage should, therefore, be cooled as 

 soon as possible and kept cold. 



The effect of temperature on the respiration of apples, F. W. Morse (Jour. 

 Anicr. Chcm. 8oc., 30 (1908), No. 5, pp. 876-S81). — A more technical account of 

 the investigations noted above. 



Peach culture in the Mediterranean region, J. Foussat (Prog. Agr. et Vit. 

 (Ed. VEst), 2D (1908), Ao. 3, pp. 81-86, figs. 3).— A brief account is given of 

 the cultivation of peaches in conjunction with grapes in the southern part of 

 France, including methods of planting, varieties, harvesting, yields and returns, 

 grading, packing, and marketing. 



Pineapples, P. Hubert (Ananas. Paris, 1908, pp. IX+192, figs. 52). — This is 

 the third of a sei'ies of popular treatises on the cultivated crops of Colon, and 

 deals with the botany, varieties, habitat, and geographical distribution of pine- 

 api»les, and the various phases of their culture under shed and in the open 



