DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 85 



ally, and 14.18 kg. when the cows were watered with a pail. There was 

 practically no difference in the amount of fat and of solids-uot-fat pro- 

 duced under the two conditions. The cows drank nearly 2 liters more of 

 water per day when the water was kept before them. Summing up the 

 two experiments, the author believes the results show that automatic 

 troughs materially increase the milk production and are to be recom- 

 mended. 



Effect of exercise on milk secretion. — An experimeut on this subject 

 was made with eight cows from October 17 to November 20, the cows 

 being turned out in a yard and allowed to exercise at will for an hour 

 each day on alternate weeks, but daring the rest of the time kept in 

 the stable all day. The average yield of milk was 12.31 kg. for the 

 weeks the cows were exercised and 11.88 for the time they were given 

 no exercise. There was practically no difference in the yield of fat and 

 solids-not-fat. An increase in milk yield was shown by all of the cows 

 when they were given exercise. 



Milling twice, three times, and four times a day. — An experiment is 

 reported with eight cows in milking twice, three times, and four times 

 daily, the interval between milkings being divided equally. The 

 periods were seven days long and only the last four days of each 

 period were considered. Frequent milking was found to increase the 

 yield of milk, and this was true for fresh cows as well as those well 

 advanced in milking. The author is convinced that under intensive 

 conditions, where milk commands a high price, the increased yield will 

 warrant milking three times a day, dividing the time between milkings 

 as equally as possible. Under other conditions milking twice a day is 

 considered sufficient except in the case of cows giving a large quantity 

 of milk, which should be given two additional milkings. Concerning 

 the composition of the milk at different milkings, on the average of 

 nine weeks of milking twice daily, the morning's milk contained 3.12 

 percent of fat and the night's milk 3.17 percent; the average of three 

 weeks of milking four times a day gave 3.(50 per cent of fat for the fore- 

 noon's milk and 3.17 for the afternoon's milk. Where the time between 

 milkings was irregular it was found that a milk richer in fat was pro- 

 duced on the shorter interval. 



Changes of milk as a result of being in heat. — The results of two series 

 of observations each on five cows are given. The results indicate that 

 the changes in the milk due to the cow being in heat are relatively 

 unimportant and may be entirely avoided when the milk is to be used 

 for ordinary purposes. For special purposes, as the production of milk 

 for infants, it is advisable to reject the milk at this time. 



Effect of light. — The results are given of three experiments on the 

 effect of light on cows. In each experiment the windows were dark- 

 ened during the alternate periods and the stables kept as dark as prac- 

 ticable. In general, the results of all the experiments showed that 

 excluding the light had little effect on the milk production, but the 



