FORESTRY. 357 



of the mountains and still more iu the vast bodies of hard pines (loblolly, short 

 leaf, long leaf, etc.). When the chemical processes arc adapted to the use of these 

 resinous hard pines, the South will be in position to support a great number of pulp 

 mills. 



"Western United States, with their extensive forests of conifers, are iu good posi- 

 tion to supply large quantities of pulp, but the different kinds of spruce, fir, etc., 

 have not been sufficiently studied to warrant any detailed statement." 



The sustained yield of spruce lands, G. Pinchot {Forester, 4 

 (1898), No. 3, pp. 56-59). — This paper, which is an abstract of an address 

 read before the American Paper and Pulp Association, February, 1898, 

 reviews the spruce growth of the Ne-ha-sa-ne Park in the Adirondack 

 forests. The abundant reproduction of spruce and its ability to survive 

 under heavy shade are shown in the data given as to the number of 

 trees in more than 1,000 acres of this park. The author has tabulated 

 the number of trees on this area and it appears there are 314,000, 

 of which 150,1*28 are 2 in. or more in diameter. 



The rate of growth for the past 10 years, as shown by measurements 

 of 300 trees which were of marketable size, ranging from 9 to 27 in. in 

 diameter, shows that the mean annual growth is about 0.11 in.; or, on 

 an average, that about 9 years is required to add 1 in. in diameter to a 

 spruce tree after it has attained merchantable size. This rate of growth 

 is considerably less than was originally supposed. 



Financial returns of forest administration in Bavaria ( Forester, 

 4 (1898), No. 3, pp. 64,65). — The forest area of Bavaria is said to be 

 about 34 per cent of the total area of the Kingdom. One third of this 

 area is owned by the State, one-half by private owners, and the rest by 

 villages and corporations. Since 1830 the State has spent about $8,000,- 

 000 in acquiring additional forest property. Of the 6,200,000 acres of 

 forest, about 46 per cent is stocked with spruce from which the lumber 

 is usually harvested at an age of 120 years; 30 per cent is pine, mostly 

 Scotch pine, and is largely used as firewood, generally being cut down 

 at an age of 80 years or less; the rest is stocked with hard woods, mostly 

 beech, which is allowed to grow to an age of about 120 years. Some 

 white oak is grown, part of which is managed as tan-bark coppice, being 

 cut every 15 to 25 years, while other trees are allowed to grow into large 

 trees for which about 180 years are necessary iu this region. The yield 

 per acre is generally large, the State forest yielding on an average about 

 61 cu. ft. for every year's growth over the entire area, so there is an 

 annual cut of about 120,000,000 cu. ft. of timber and firewood. The 

 money returns of the Bavarian State forest are somewhat less than those 

 of the forests in Saxony and Wurttemberg. This is said to be partially 

 due to the prevalence of mountain lands which reduce the yield while 

 increasing the cost of operations. Improved methods of administration, 

 however, have increased the net revenue so that the income which in 

 1850 amounted to about $1 per acre, is now $1.92, the net income of the 

 State amounting to about $4,000,000 per year. 

 8192— No. 4 5 



