HORTICULTURE. 437 



and placed in cold storage. The following varieties were in good con- 

 dition July 1, 1807: Ben Davis, Delaware Winter, Ord Beni, Willow 

 Twig, Whinnery Late, Langford, and Walbridge. Ben Davis, Dela- 

 ware Winter, and Walbridge were still in good condition February 10, 

 1808. 



A collection of some 350 seedlings of Shaffer raspberries fruited in 

 1807. The seedlings were grown from seeds taken from the best berries 

 on a row of Shaffer raspberries standing between fields of Marlboro 

 and Thompson Prolific. In regard to the seedlings the author says: 



"More than half of the seedlings are of the red raspberry type (llubus strigosus), 

 the majority of the fruits, however, being purple in color like the parent or like that 

 of the old variety Philadelphia, and nearly all were of good size and quality. Many 

 of the plants produced large, well-formed berries of a bright scarlet color and of the 

 best quality. .Some show great promise. Among these seedlings were found almost 

 every style of development between the nearly typical form of the blackcap (L'uhus 

 occidentaHs) and that of the wild red raspberry (R. stri;/osus), and also a few albino 

 or white or yellow forms of both species." 



To determine whether heading in plum trees while dormant or while 

 in the early stages of growth give best results, 10 trees, 2 each of 5 

 varieties, were selected and 1 tree of each variety was severely headed 

 in March 30 and the second May 2l>. The trees pruned in winter made 

 a vigorous growth of a few shoots while those pruned in summer made a 

 fair growth of many shoots. The winter-pruned trees developed a fair 

 quantity of fruit buds while the summer-pruned ones developed a 

 large quantity of fruit buds. 



Hardy apples for cold climates, F. A. Waugh ( Vermont Sta. Bui. 

 61, pp. 19-32, Jigs. 6). — The author discusses the northern progress of 

 apple culture and considers that the factors in this progress have been 

 the planting of crab apples and dwarf apples, the introduction of 

 Russian varieties and especially the selection of native hardy seedlings, 

 and the adoption of better orchard practices. The Russian apples are 

 characterized, their favorable and unfavorable qualities contrasted, 

 and a brief historical account of their introduction into the United 

 States is given. The present status of apple culture in Vermont as 

 regards hardiness of trees was investigated. A map of the State is 

 given, showing the general limit of the successful culture of Baldwin 

 and Rhode Island Greening apples. A number of varieties of apples 

 are arranged according to their hardiness. To grow a given variety 

 north of its natural limit it is recommended to top graft it on a hardy 

 variety and to choose a protected situation with a favorable exposure. 



Descriptive notes are given on a number of hardy varieties. For 

 planting where hardiness is the principal consideration the bulletin 

 recommends Yellow Transparent, Red Astrakan, Long Field, Olden- 

 burg, Fameuse, Mcintosh, Wealthy, Scott Winter, Pewaukee, and 

 Arctic. 



Some results following the application of wood ashes in the 

 apple orchard, S. A. Beach [Neic York State Sta. Bui. 140, pp. 681- 

 690).— Experiments in the use of wood ashes in apple orchards were 



