ENTOMOLOGY. 461 



on the leaves of the tree. Most of the eggs we found were glued to the skin, appar- 

 ently without much choice as to location, on the smooth surface of the fruit. . . . 



"From the only definite evidence we have, one can not escape the conclusion that, 

 in the northern half of the United States at least, most of the eggs of the codling 

 moth are not laid until a week or more after the petals of the blossoms have fallen 

 from most varieties of apples; or usually during the latter part of May ami the first 

 half of June. 



"The date of the falling of the blossoms varies considerably in different years, 

 depending upon the weather conditions which may cause spring to open early or 

 late. As these same conditions affect the date of the emergence of the moths, in 

 general the above statement regarding the egg-laying of the insect will hold good." 



The habits of the insect and its work in all stages are considered in 

 detail, the views of various writers being given together with observa- 

 tions of the author. The following resume is given: 



"The codling moth appears in the spring about the time the blossoms are falling 

 from apple trees and after a few days glues its tiny scale-like eggs onto the skin of 

 the young fruit or even the adjacent leaves, where they hatch in about a week. The 

 little apple worm usually finds its way into the blossom end where it takes its first 

 meal and where it remains feeding for several days, finally eating its way to the 

 core. In about three weeks it gets nearly full grown and makes an exit tunnel to 

 the surface, closing the outside opening of the tunnel for a few days while it feeds 

 inside. Emerging from the fruit, it usually makes its way to the trunk of the tree 

 where it soon spins a coroou under tho loose bark. Usually the first worms to thus 

 spin up in June or July soon transform to pupae, from which the adult insect emerges 

 in about two weeks, and eggs are soon laid from which a second brood of the worms 

 hatch. In most of the more northern portions of the United States only a part of the 

 worms of the first brood pupate or transform to moths the same season, but in the 

 central, western, and southern portions there is a complete second brood, and in 

 some portions even a third brood of the worms annually. In the fall all the worms 

 spin cocoons wherever they may be, either in the orchard or in storerooms, and 

 remain curled up in them as caterpillars until spring opens, when they transform, 

 through the pupa, to the moth, thus completing their yearly life cycle.'' 



Among the natural enemies of the codling moth the following are 

 discussed: Bats, said to be the most efficient destroyer of the moths in 

 California; a parasite of the codling-moth eggs (Trichogramma pre- 

 tiosa); a parasite of the larvae [Maerocentrus deUcatus): an external 

 parasite of the larvae (Goniozm sp.); hair snakes, sometimes found in 

 larvae before leaving the fruit; the larva of the Pennsylvania soldier 

 beetle (Ghauliognathus peitnsylvanicus), which devours the larvae while 

 they are getting ready to spin or before they leave the apples; the larva 

 of the margined soldier beetle (G. marginata), which probably enters 

 the fruit to feed on the codling worm; the larva of the two-lined sol- 

 dier beetle {Telei)horus Mlineatus); the larva of the beetle (Trogosita 

 corticalis) which feeds on larv;e and pupae on the trunks of trees and 

 is considered, with the exception of birds, the most efficient enemy of 

 the codling moth in New York; the larva of a similar beetle (7'. latieol- 

 lis) the larva of a neuropterous insect occurring in the West; a tachi- 

 nid fly (Hypostena variabilis); an ichueumon fly, the ring-legged pimpla 

 (Pimpla annulipes), the grub of which lives in the body of the larvae 

 and pupae of the codling moth; and the birds, considered the most 



