ENTOMOLOGY. 463 



"While we thus have no new methods to offer and doubt if anything better than 

 the poison spray will be found for combating this insect, we believe a better under- 

 standing of 'whys and wherefores' of the methods already in use will insure still 

 greater success with them." 



The bulletin contains a "bibliography of the most important contri- 

 butions to the economic literature of the codling moth." The references, 

 about 100, are arranged chronologically and date from 1635 to the pres- 

 ent time. 



Observations on the codling moth, F. W. Card {Nebraska Sta. 

 Bid. 51, pp. 11-50, figs. 5). — The bulletin gives original observations on 

 the life history and habits of the codling moth, and the results of field 

 and laboratory tests of remedies. The author points out the fact that 

 in the West the remedies usually recommended for the moth have 

 failed to give satisfactory results and that the habits and life history 

 of the insect are not in accord with the statements made in the older 

 literature of the subject, especially with regard to the eggs being 

 deposited in the open calyx cup at the time of blossoming or soon after. 

 Most varieties of apples in the station orchard in 1897 blossomed in 

 the first of May and the calyx cups had practically all closed by the 

 twentieth. The life history of the insect as given by the author is as 

 follows : 



"The first moths begin to emerge late in May. These deposit their eggs chiefly 

 upon the upper sides of the leaves near by an apple. These eggs hatch in 8 or 

 10 days, more or less, according to the weather. The tiny larva, when it emerges, 

 soon begins to seek for an apple in which to feed, though in some cases not until it 

 has eaten out a small portion of the leaf near where it hatches. It seeks for a hiding 

 place to protect it from its enemies, and the oue most frequently available is that 

 formed by the calyx lobes, which have closed, thus preparing a very safe and con- 

 venient dwelling until it can work its way into the fruit. These larva- begin 

 appearing about June 1, varying somewhat with the season. They soon make their 

 way to the center of the apple, eating out the portion about the core. When full- 

 grown, which apparently occurs in from 10 to 14 days, they become pinkish in color, 

 usually leave the fruit, and hunt for a convenient hiding place in which to spin 

 their cocoons. Such a spot is commonly found beueath rough pieces of bark on the 

 trunk of the tree. Apparently they leave the fallen apples and crawl up the trunk, 

 or they may leave the apple when still upon the tree and crawl downward. The 

 rough bark found at the forks between large branches is a favorite place, also 

 in j nved portions where rotten wood or similar conditions occur. Sometimes they 

 may change to pupa- within the apple, and Mr. Nutter expresses the opinion that 

 the majority thus transform. This is common in confinement, but in our own obser- 

 vations we have never found pupae in the apples about the orchard. The second 

 generation of moths emerges about a month, or possibly a little more, alter the eggs 

 are laid. They are very irregular in time. Many moths are tardy in emerging from 

 their winter quarters. These may pass through not more than two generations 

 during the season, while those which emerge very early may pass through as many 

 as four; consequently, to say that the codling moth is two-brooded, or three-brooded, 

 or four-brooded is not to express the full truth, some being one, some another. 

 Apparently the greater number pass through three generations. Few, if any, larvae 

 transform to pupa< after September 1. From that time forward they weave them- 

 selves thicker cocoons than in summer, preparing to pass the winter within them. 

 Those which are still in the apple may be harvested with the fruit and thus find 



