ENTOMOLOGY. 465 



and Paris green, and whale-oil soap, it was found that each of the sub- 

 stances has some value when used before the eggs hatch, but that neither 

 of them destroy the eggs or are entirely effective in killing the larvae. 

 Apples sprayed with kerosene emulsion, one part standard mixture to 

 20 parts water, before the eggs hatched were entirely uninjured by 

 larva*, the eggs in some cases being apparently killed by the emulsion, 

 and in all other cases the larvae being killed before injuring the fruit. 

 A single experiment in the field indicated that kerosene emulsion may 

 be used to advantage against the codling moth. 



Cooperative experiments were carried on at different places in the 

 State. At Gibbon 1,700 trees were treated. Four sprayings were made 

 with Paris green, 1 lb. to 200 gal. water. On harvesting the apples 80 

 per cent were found free from worms and in half of the other 20 per cent 

 the damage was very slight. It is thought the percentage of wormy 

 apples would have been greater had not many of the moths been killed 

 in the storage rooms. The previous year, when the trees were un sprayed, 

 not over 20 per cent of the apples were salable. At Arlington an 

 orchard was divided into (i sections, from 2 to G applications of Paris 

 green being made at various dates in each of the sections. There was 

 no marked difference in results in the dititerent sections of the orchard, 

 due, it is thought, to the fact that the moths go from one section to the 

 other to deposit eggs for the late broods. There was considerable 

 difference in the percentage of wormy apples of different varieties. For 

 instance, 44 per cent of the Janet apples were wormy, as against only 

 20 per cent of the Ben Davis. At Geneva about 1,000 trees were 

 sprayed twice with London purple at a total cost of only 2 cts. per tree. 

 Another orchard was sprayed but once. The results were in favor of 

 2 sprayings. 



The author gives the following suggestions for treatment: 



"Spray with Paris green as generally recommended, about one week after the 

 blossoms fall, or in time to get the calyx cups well tilled with the poison so that 

 they may close over and hold it there. 



"Spray again with Paris green and Bordeaux mixture combined, or with kerosene 

 emulsion, about June 1, or better still, observe carefully and apply this when the 

 eggs are being laid in abundance on the leaves, which at Lincoln occurs about tbis 

 date. Laboratory experiments indicate that kerosene emulsion will be more effective 

 than Paris green at this time. 



"Scrape the bark and place paper bands around the tree about the last of June, 

 when the larvae are beginning to leave the apple to pupate. Examine these two or 

 three times, a week apart, and destroy the insects found beneath them. 



"If these methods are not wholly effective, owing to the proximity of neglected 

 orchards, or from an unusual abundance of moths, later spraying, with either Paris 

 green and Bordeaux mixture, or kerosene emulsion, may do some good, but appar- 

 ently can not be expected to be wholly effective. Late spraying with arsenites is 

 much more likely to injure the foliage than earlier applications, and if the other 

 methods are thoroughly followed, it will probably be unnecessary. 



"If larva- are still found in the apples in any considerable numbers toward the 

 end of the season, place paper bands about the tree about September 1, or a little 

 earlier. Leave them there until the fruit is gathered from the orchard, then remove, 

 and destroy the larvie hibernating beneath them. 



