ENTOMOLOGY. 503 



of April and lay their eggs on or near the small apples. A few small 

 worms are found the second week of May and are numerous the latter 

 half of May, some maturing by the last of the month. By the middle 

 of June most of the first brood have left the apples, and by the last of 

 the mouth some appear as moths. By July 10 the second brood of 

 worms are working in full force. The third brood of worms are work- 

 ing by the second week of August, and by the third week some have 

 pupated. By this time the broods are scarcely separable, since the late 

 worms of the second brood are scarcely ahead of the early worms of 

 thethird. In September a partial fourth brood of worms appears, but 

 the large proportion of the third brood winter as larvae. 



From observations with different varieties of apples the author 

 believes it is still an open question whether the codling moth prefers 

 one variety to another. In some cases there were great differences 

 between individuals of one variety, old trees with rough bark being 

 more affected than young smooth trees. 



The insects pupate beneath the bark or in cracks ou the trunks and 

 limbs. A small proportion of the summer larva pupate in depressions 

 on the fruit or between adjacent fruits. 



The natural enemies of the codling moth are discussed. Among 

 birds the most destructive to the insect are thought to be the 2 wood- 

 peckers Colaptes cafer and Picus scalar is. Bats are thought to catch 

 many of the moths. Hymenopterous parasites of the codling moth 

 have not been found in the locality of the station, and have only rarely 

 been found in other places in the State. The larva of a beetle, thought 

 to be Cymatodera cylindricollis, is found in moderate numbers and 

 preys on the codling worms after they hide under the bark of the trees. 

 Several cases of a parasitic fungus similar to the chinch-bug fungus 

 (Sporotrichum globuliferum) were fouud. On the whole, the author 

 believes that only a limited amount of relief from the ravages of the 

 codling moth is to be expected from its natural enemies. 



The object of remedies in New Mexico is to prevent injury to the late 

 apple crop, since the early crop is never seriously injured. Putting Paris 

 green under bands on the trees in an attempt to poison the larvse after 

 they leave the fruit resulted in no success. Searching after worms on 

 the trees in early spring gave fair results. Many of the worms were 

 found, not under the bark, but in cracks in the partly dead wood of the 

 trees, where they were safe from the attacks of birds. The author 

 recommends, therefore, that all dead wood be cleared away and the 

 cracks that remain be filled with wax or other suitable substance. He 

 also emphasizes the importance of destroying worms in the storage 

 house, and notes the case of a single cellar used as storage for apples in 

 which over 5,000 worms were killed. Picking off and destroying wormy 

 apples in the early summer was thought beneficial, but did not save 

 the late crop. Trapping the larvae under bands of paper placed about 

 the tree trunks proved quite successful. Of 220 worms found on trees 

 July 20, 204 were under bauds. Pasturing hogs in the orchard to eat 



