HORTICULTURE. 637 



gen 60 lbs., and potash 120 lbs. per acre. Tables are given showing the 

 yields of the different crops of the various plats. In the case of beets 

 and peas sulphate of potash appeared distinctly superior to muriate of 

 potash. With peas, dried blood gave a somewhat larger crop than 

 nitrogen in other forms and with beets nitrate of soda was greatly 

 superior to the other forms. When sulphate of ammonia and muriate 

 of potash were used together, the growth of both peas and beets was 

 decidedly inferior to that where other combinations were used. The 

 injurious effect is ascribed to the formation of ammonium chlorid. The 

 celery and squashes were failures on account of unfavorable weather. 



The reciprocal effect of stock and scion, L. Daniel (Jour. Soc. 

 Nat. Hort. France, Congrcs Horticole, 1898, pp. 95-112). — The subject is 

 treated under two heads — the direct reciprocal influence of the scion 

 and stock, and the indirect iufluence of the stock upon the offspring of 

 the scion. Many of the results given have previously been reported 

 (E. S. E., 5, p. 1089; 9, p. 945). Precautious were taken to prevent 

 hybridization. The following conclusions are given: 



The reciprocal effect of stock and scion can not be denied, though it 

 does not always act with the same intensity. This effect is divided 

 into effects of general nutrition, shown in size, vigor resistance to para- 

 sites, etc., and effects of a specific nature seen in both external and 

 internal morphological characteristics of vegetative organs, as in Heli- 

 anthus, and of reproductive organs, as in beans and Solanacepe. The 

 effects of a specific nature are more pronounced in cases of mixed 

 grafting, while the general effects are decreased by mixed grafting and 

 increased by ordinary grafting. The variations due to grafting are 

 often hereditary, appearing in the first seed generation. 



There are numerous practical applications of the reciprocal effect of 

 scion and stock, such as increase in the size of fruits, improvement of 

 the flavor of fruits and certain vegetables, production of new varieties 

 in which the color of the flower, the form of the fruit, or the vegetative 

 organs are modified. The effects of grafting are more marked in her- 

 baceous than in woody plants, and also more marked in the offspring 

 of the grafted plant than in the plant itself. Grafting, as a means of 

 retaining variations acquired under culture, is useful only in the case 

 of trees, and the difference betweeu seedling fruit trees and the vari- 

 eties producing them may be explained in part by the effect of grafting 

 on the progeny of grafted plants. 



Grafting which produces a variation in the seed may be used to 

 produce new varieties. Since this variation can frequently be directed 

 in a given way, it is possible almost to a certainty by repeated graft- 

 ings to impart definite characteristics of flavor, form, color, etc., to 

 plants which vary readily under culture. In the case of other plants 

 grafting may produce variations which, though difficult to obtain, after 

 once appearing, may be directed in a definite way. 



Methods of tree planting, F. W. Card {Nebraska Sta. Bui. 56, pp. 

 ll-M,Jigs. i). — In this bulletin the author describes various experiments 



