FOODS ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 1079 



of bay chaff daily and as much dried brewers' grains as they would eat, 

 iu addition to the same ration as before. It was found that this method 

 of feeding - did not materially diminish the amount of dried brewers' 

 grains consumed. Lot 2 was fed the same ration as during the first 

 period. As the test continued it was observed that with lot 1 there 

 was a tendency to consume less coarse fodder, but this was also observed 

 with the lot fed hay. In the 71 days of the second period the steers in 

 lot 1 made an average daily gain of 2.60 lbs., those in lot 2, 2.20 lbs. 

 The gain is discussed at some length from a financial standpoint. 



" It would appear that while dried grains, used along with a small quantity of hay 

 chaff, can replace hay quite well as a food for bullocks and give a larger increase 

 of live weight, yet at the respective prices quoted for dried grains and hay [$21.50 

 and $15.83 per long ton (2,240 lbs. ), respectively, including transportation and cutting 

 or chafing] and carcass meat [7 cts. per pound], there is very little monetary differ- 

 ence whether dried grains are used along with the small quantity of hay chaff, or 

 whether hay chaff is used alone. Further, from the earlier part of the experiment 

 it is clear that dried grains can not be made to replace hay entirely for bullock feed- 

 ing, but that hay or similar food must be used along with them. Also that the same 

 weight of fibrous food will be required whether hay be used alone «r as a supple- 

 ment to dried grains." 



The maintenance ration of cattle, H. P. Armsby (Pennsylvania 

 Sta. Bui. 42, pp. 188, ^Z*'. 18). — The author reports a series of experi- 

 ments with steers, extending from 1892 to 1897, to learn the amount of 

 food required for maintenance. In all cases the feeding was continued 

 for long periods. During a portion of the period the digestibility of 

 the ration was determined as well as the balance of income and outgo 

 of nitrogen. Eecords were kept of the gains or losses in live weight 

 and in many cases of the amount of water consumed, and of variations 

 of the temperature of the stalls in which the steers were kept. In 

 some of the tests the results were calculated in overlapping 10-day 

 periods, since the author believed that it was thus possible to eliminate 

 errors. In the several experiments the gain or loss of protein and fat 

 was estimated as well as the fuel value of the ingesta and egesta (in 

 the later experiment fuel values were determined), due allowance being- 

 made for the estimated energy of the urine and the methan. In all 

 the tests 3 steers were used. They were apparently grade Shorthorns 

 and in 1892 were past two years old. They weighed at the beginning 

 of the experiments 427.7 kg., 457.9 kg., and 407.3 kg., respectively. 



The first experiment began December 1, 1892, and covered 52 days. 

 Previous to the test the steers had been* fed nothing but hay. During 

 the test the ration consisted of 4.5G3 kg. of timothy hay containing a 

 little clover. From January 15 to 21 the digestibility of the ration and 

 the income and outgo of nitrogen was determined. 



The second test began January 22, 1898, and covered 71 days. The 

 ration in the first test having proved insufficient, the amount of timo- 

 thy hay was increased to 5.44 kg. The special digestion and metabo- 

 lism experiment began Febuary 19 and covered 7 days. 



The third experiment began November 16, 1893, and covered 51 days. 

 In this experiment the ration consisted of timothy hay and corn meal, 



