■1017] RURAL ENGINEERING. 87 



in-ecautionary measure the shallow well may be lined to a depth of 10 or 12 ft. 

 jind to a thickness of, say, 4 to 6 in. with cement or puddled clay, the lining 

 projecting, say, 6 to 12 in. above the mouth of the well, which should be pro- 

 tected with a well-fitting cover to keep out frogs, mice, etc." 



Boiling of water and treatment with hypochlorite are discussed. 



Flow of water into wells: Approximate theory, N. Weeenskiold {Engin. 

 Xcirs, 76 (1916), No. 6, pp. 256, 257, figs. 2). — A formula is derived from mathe- 

 matical analysis for finding the rate of flow of water into open wells. 



Experience with wood pipes in New Hampshire, A. W. Dudley {Jour. New 

 England Water Works Asmc, 30 {1016), No. 3, pp. 318-323, pis. 2). — Summariz- 

 ing experience with wood pipe for water supply, the author states that it pos- 

 sesses the following advantages: 



" (1) It is preserved and not rusted or corroded by water. (2) It is not 

 corroded by any substance or destroyed by acids or salts. (3) Its carrying 

 capacity is 20 per cent greater than cast-iron pipe and remains constant, while 

 that of metal pipe decreases with age. (4) It does not taint or affect fluids 

 going through it. (5) It does not burst if frozen, the elasticity of the wood 

 preventing it. (6) It requires less labor and experience to lay in place than 

 metal pipe. (7) It can, when service pipes are not taken off. be laid in shallower 

 ditches than metal pipe, for it is not easily affected by frost. (8) While more 

 or less joints show slight leakage when the pipe is first filled, they soon swell 

 up and give less trouble in the end than cast-iron pipe." 



Influence of the algae of submerged sand filters in water purification, 

 F. DiENKiiT and L. Gizolme {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 163 {1916), No. 5, 

 pp. 127-130). — Experiments are reported, the results of which are taken to 

 indicate that the purifying action of a submerged sand filter on water is a 

 function of the development and vitality of the biological covering of algse. 

 This activity is thought to be measured by the reduction of the alkalinity of 

 the water, especially with reference to the coli bacteria. 



Waterworks handbook, compiled by A. D. Flinn, R. S. Weston, and C. L. 

 BoGEKT {New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1916, pp. IX+82Jt, figs. 411; rev., in 

 Engin. and Contract., 46 1916), No. 6, pp. 123, 124). — This book gives an exten- 

 sive and usable compilation of information, old and new, for the waterworks 

 engineer and superintendent, the designer, constructor, operator, and inspector. 

 It is divided into five parts. 



Part 1, sources of water supply, deals with rainfall or precipitation, evapora- 

 tion, run-off and stream flow, and ground water. Part 2, collection of water, 

 deals with intakes, watershed development by reservoirs, masonry dams, rock- 

 fill dams, earth dams, wells, infiltration galleries, and notes on some equipment 

 for treating water. Part 3, transportation and delivery of water, deals with 

 open channels, aqueducts, plate metal pipes, wooden pipes, and reinforced con- 

 crete pipes. Part 4, distribution of water, deals with cast-iron pipe and specials ; 

 distribution systems ; valves, sluice gates, and hydrants ; service meters ; pumps, 

 pumping stations, and equipment ; distribution reservoirs, standpipes, and 

 tanlvs; water consumption; hydraulic computations; masonry and puddle; non- 

 ferrous metals (also corrosion of iron and steel) ; capacity and conversion 

 tables; and miscellany. Part 5, character and treatment of water, deals with 

 character of water ; inspection of sources of supply, storage of water and im- 

 provement of reservoirs, sedimentation, aeration and chemical treatment, water 

 softening, preliminary filtration and deferrization, filtration, and examination 

 of water. 



Methods and cost of making a snow survey for irrigation system, F. T. 

 CuMMiNGS {Engin. and Contract., 46 {1916), No. 9, pp. 189-192, figs. 3).— This 

 72628°— 17 7 



