1917] RURAL ENGINEERING. 281 



Notes on the histopathology of the intestines in young chicks infected 

 with Bacterium pullorum, G. E. Gage and J. F. Maktin {Jour. Med. Research, 

 34 {1916), No. 2, pp. 149-I55). — " In this experiment, using cultures from several 

 sources, without exalting their virulence, it was possible to produce typical 

 baccillary white diarrhea. Death resulted from three to ten days after the 

 inoculation. 



" Stained sections were made from various levels of the intestinal tract of 

 all dead birds. From the study of the sections there was revealed marked 

 injury to the mucosa, associated with hyperemia, hemorrhagic exudation, and 

 leucocytic infiltration. In the individuals in which the disease had run a 

 longer course there are exhibited processes of regeneration. There is in many 

 instances a thickening of the intestinal wall. There is a marked fibroblastic 

 proliferation, and wherever there is any of the columnar epithelium intact 

 there is active secretion of mucus. Therefore, with these pathological condi- 

 tions associated together, and repeated observations confirming them, it is 

 evident that the important histopathological conditions in the intestines in 

 young chicks dead of B. pullorum infection correspond to either an acute or 

 beginning chronic condition of catarrhal inflammation." 



The poisonous effects of the rose chafer upon chickens, G. H. Lamson, Jh. 

 {Jour. Amer. Assoc. Instr. and Invest. Poultry Husb., 2 {1916), No. 9, pp. 65, 

 66). — Pi'eviously noted from another source (E. S. R., 35, p. 489). 



RITRAL ENGINEERING. 



The flow of water in wood-stave pipe, F. C. Scobey {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 

 376 {1916), pp. 96, pis. IJ,, figs. 7).— This is a report of 64 experiments on the 

 flow of water in 16 different wood-stave pipes ranging in diameter from 8 in. 

 to 13.5 ft., and of the collection and analyses of available records of all previous 

 experiments of a similar character by others. In the experiments 13 of the 

 pipes ranged from 8 in. to 4 ft. in diameter ; one was 6.5 ft., one 12 ft., and one 

 13.5 ft. in diameter. Six pipes were of the machine-banded type, put together 

 in lengths, and ten were of the continuous-stave type. Mean velocities ranged 

 from less than 1 ft. per second to more than 8 ft. per second. 



The analysis of all experiments reviewed, which combined reached a total of 

 286, indicated that an exponential formula most nearly applies to the flow of 

 water in wood-stave pipes. It was found " (1) that Kutter's formula with a 

 constant value of n does not apply to flow in wood-stave pipes running full, (2) 

 that n decreases with an increase in velocity in a given size of pipe and increases 

 with the size of pipe for a given velocity, varying from less than 0.01 for small 

 pipes at high velocities to more than 0.014 in large pipes, (3) that this varia- 

 tion in n is so marked and complicated as to render the use of Kutter's formula 

 inadvisable." On the basis of the analysis a new formula for flow of water in 

 wood-stave pipes either jointed or of continuous stave construction is presented 

 as follows : 



H=7.68(Z-'-"Fi-8=0.419D-»-i7Fi-8 



becoming 



7.68 F-8 0.419 F»-8 



H=- 



d^-" X>i 



In this formula H = the friction loss per 1,000 linear feet of pipe, V = mean 

 velocity of water in feet per second, d = the mean inside diameter of the pipe in 

 inches, and D = the mean inside diameter of the pipe in feet. It was found 



