1917] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 357 



After a careful study of European specimens and tlie literature, the authors 

 have come to the conclusion that Aphis malifolm is the only name to apply to 

 the species. The name A. sorbi applies to a different form, originally described 

 from specimens on Sorbus. The authors have been unable to rear the rosy 

 apple aphis on the host plant of the European A. sorl)i. 



Life history studies have been summarized by the authors as follovps : " The 

 eggs of this species begin hatching early in April (about April 8 in 1915) 

 and hatching ceases in about a weeli (April 16 in 1915). The first stem 

 mothers begin reproduction about April 25. From five to seven generations 

 of the spring forms occur on apple in Virginia, although Ross reports the 

 species all summer on apple in Ontario. The first generation is wingless. A 

 few winged forms appear in the next generation and their percentage to the 

 wingless insects increases steadily in each generation until finally all the insects 

 produced become winged. Intermediates may also occur, these acquiring the 

 wingless habits and behaving lilie wingless insects. 



" Migration to plantain commences about May 20, and most of the insects 

 liave left the apple by about June 20. A few may continue on apple till about 

 July 1. From 4 to 14 generations of the summer form occur at Vienna, Va. 

 These insects are practically all wingless, only a few occasional winged insects 

 appearing. 



" The first fall migi'ants become adult about the second week of September 

 (September 13 in 1915; these insects were born on August 31). They remain 

 on the trees until after November 1. (In the writers' experiments they were 

 produced till a much later period, but in the field they succumb to prevailing 

 low temperatures more quickly than do either oviparous females or males.) 

 Production of oviparous females commences about the middle to the twentieth 

 of September, but very few are produced till early in October and their pro- 

 duction is at its height about the middle of that month. Males begin to appear 

 early in October, at the time the oviparous females begin to become adults, 

 and the males also are most numerous about the last of October and early in 

 November. Oviposition commences the middle of October and continues till 

 the oviparous females are all dead. Some oviparous females may oviposit as 

 late as the latter part of December in case excessive low temperatures have 

 not occurred before that time." 



A synopsis of the genus Calaphis, A. C. Bakeb {Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 18 

 {1916), No. 3, pp. 184-189). — The author recognizes five species of this genus 

 from the United States, of which two, Calaphis castaneoides and C. alni, from 

 specimens on Castanea and on alder, respectively, at Washington, D. C, are 

 described as new. 



The development of the Phylloxera vastatrix leaf gall, H. R. Rosen 

 (Amer. Jour. Bot., 3 (1916), No. 7, pp. 337-360, pis. 2, figs. 5).— This paper in- 

 cludes a bibliography of 31 titles. 



The San Jose scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus), L. M. Peaiks and J. H. Mer- 

 rill (Kansas Sta. Btil. 214 (1916), pp. 5-28, figs. 11). — This is a general ac- 

 count of the San Jose scale and measures for its control, particularly such as 

 apply to Kansas conditions. Serious infestation by this scale was first found 

 in Kansas in 1906, though it is thought to have been present for some years 

 previous to that date. 



The control of the gray scale (Coccus citricola) in the San Joaquin Valley, 

 R. P. CuNDiFF (Proc. Fruit Growers' Conv. Cal., 47 (1915), pp. 248-257). — It is 

 stated that in addition to a more or less general infestation in most of the cit- 

 rus fruit-gi-owing sections south of the Tehachapi Mountains, this scale is now 

 very generally distributed throughout the citrus districts of the San Joaquin 

 and Sacramento valleys. Fumigation is the only successful means of control. 



