376 



EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 



[Vol. 36 



The cost of milk production, J. Mackintosh {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London^, Sup. 

 16 (1916), Sept., pp. 53-71). — In this paper on the cost of milk production 

 in England the attempt is made to evaluate the average cost of feed, various 

 overhead and transit charges, interest on capital, and keep of the bull. In 

 connection with feed costs credits have been given for manurial residues. 

 The figures obtained relate to pre-war conditions. The investigations reported 

 were carried on in only a few of the western counties of England, though brief 

 references are given to other counties. The farms studied were divided as 

 follows : Class 1, suburban farms ; class 2, farms averaging 85 per cent grass 

 land and 15 per cent arable land ; class 3, farms averaging 66 per cent grass 

 land and 34 per cent arable land ; and class 4, farms chiefly arable lands. Only 

 a few forms of the fourth type were studied, and the results obtained are not in- 

 cluded in this paper. 



The follo^^'ing table summarizes the averages obtained in 1914-15 on three 

 of these type of farms : 



SuTnmary of cost of production per 100 lbs. of milk. 



Some aspects of the dairying industry of England and Wales, W. Gavin 

 (Jour. Bd. Agr. [Londoni, Sup. 16 (1916), Sept., pp. 5-52, figs. 4)- — This paper 

 deals with the development of the dairy industry of England and Wales in 

 recent years ; the share taken in the industry by different districts ; the con- 

 ditions obtaining in the different counties ; the milk traffic of the various 

 railway companies, with special reference to the London milk trade; the pro- 

 duction and consumption of milk, both per capita and for the country as a 

 whole ; and the foreign trade in dairy produce. 



The number of dairy cows and heifers in England and Wales increased from 

 an average of 1,952.648 in 1881-1885 to 2,484,220 in 1914. Reckoning the aver- 

 age annual milk yield of cows in England at 582 gal. and in Wales at 425 

 gal. the estimated milk yield for 1915 is 1,070,000,000 gal. The annual con- 

 sumption of milk per head of population is estimated at 15 gal. for London 

 and 22.25 gal. for England and Wales. Statistics of London's milk trade are 

 tabulated, and a review is given of the outstanding features of each of the 

 principal producing areas. 



The marketing' of Wisconsin butter, B. H. Hibbakd and A. Hobson (Wis- 

 consin Sta. Bui. 270 (1916), pp. 69, figs. 21). — A survey in cooperation with the 

 Office of Markets and Rural Organization of the U. S. Department of Agri- 

 culture is reported. 



In discussing the butter industry of Wisconsin it is pointed out that the mak- 

 ing of butter on the farm in the State is decidedly on the decline, while the 

 increase in creamery butter making for the past few decades has been phenome- 

 nal. Wisconsin has very few centralizers. 



The formation, management, and operation of cooperative and independent 

 or private creameries are discussed in detail. Data reported on the market- 

 ing of butter show that about 4 per cent of the annual production of the State 



