388 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 



marked. Tests on the relation of juice temperature to juice travel .showed 

 that the temperature rise with distance of travel decreased in each successive 

 heater. The curves of sharpest curvature corresponded to those with the 

 highest coefficient and lowest air content and vice versa. 



Tests of the power and steam consumption of sugar factories, E. W. Kekr, 

 W. A. RoLSTON. and S. J. Webre (Louisiana Stas. Bui. 158 (1916), pp. 45, pl. 1, 

 figs. 6).— Tests of the power and steam consumption of three sugar factories of 

 1,500, 4,500, and 1,000 tons daily cane handling capacity are reported. The 

 power systems of the factories consisted, respectively, of centrifugal pumps, 

 belt, and shafting ; part electric motor and part direct steam drive ; and all 

 electric motor drive. The evaporating systems of the first two were plain 

 quadruple effect and of the third quadruple effect and vapor juice heater. 



The power consumptions per ton of cane per 24 hours were 0.65, 0.873, and 

 0.98 horsepower, respectively. The ratio of exhaust steam to total steam in the 

 l:rst plant was 0.4 and in the last 0.67. Considerable other data of tests are 

 reported in tabular and graphic form. 



Some experiments on pulling loads, with a discussion of the results, B. H. 

 Bkown ([^yalla Walla, Wash.: Author], 1916, pp. 16, figs. 6). — This pamphlet 

 reports several experiments " which have been made for the special purpose 

 of measuring the pull in pounds exerted by horses as they move loads on the 

 road and in the field." 



In the hauling tests the roads selected were a macadam with a 0.4 per cent 

 grade, a pavement with a 0.4 per cent grade, valley dirt with a 1.4 per cent 

 grade, dirt wash from a hillside with a 3.1 per cent grade, a side of a hill with 

 a 9.25 per cent grade, a brow of a hill with a 4.68 per cent grade, and a high- 

 land country road with a 1.44 per cent grade. Two wagons were used, the first 

 having all four wheels of 3 ft. 6 in. diameter and a tire width of 3.25 in., 

 and weighing, with two men, 1,950 lbs. ; the second being a narrow-tire wagon, 

 weighing, with two men, 1,705 lbs., with front wheels 3 ft. 9.5 in. in diameter, 

 and hind wheels 4 ft. 7 in. in diameter. Both wagons were drawn empty and 

 with loads of 2,020 and 4,040 lbs. both ways over the road on the same day. 



It was found that the average force required to pull the wagons on the 

 section of pavement w'as much less than that required for the macadam section. 

 The average pull upgrade and downgrade on the pavement for a load of 4,040 

 lbs. on the narrow-tire wagon was less than 160 lbs. It required on the aver- 

 age a force of 70 lbs. to pull the empty wagon on the level pavement and 158 

 lbs. to pull the same wagon when loaded with a weight of 4,040 lbs. This 

 means that for each additional ton of load an extra pull of 44 lbs. was enough 

 to move the load on the pavement. " The pull up the 9.25 per cent grade, on 

 the hillside dirt, was for the same load and wagon, 886 lbs. It required a force 

 of 264 lbs. to pull the empty wagon up this grade. Taking this amount from 

 the 886 lbs. for wagon and load leaves 622 lbs. as the extra pull required for 

 the 2 tons of load, or an excess of 311 lbs. per ton up the grade. This is more 

 than seven times as much per ton as that required on the pavement." 



A comparison of the pull in the valley and on the highland showed " an 

 unmistakable balance in favor of the highland road in the case of the wide- 

 tire wagon, while with the narrow-tire wagon there was no great difference 

 between them." An estimate of the horsepower used showed " that in every 

 section except jiavement the horses did more work per minute than the stand- 

 ard amount adopted for the horsepower. . . . 



" The tests showed that the heavy hoi-ses used in the tests were fully able 

 to do the work generally accepted as a full horsepower for each liorse. For a 

 horse weighing only 1,000 lbs. the standard horsepower of 33,000 foot-pounds 

 per minute would be too high, especially in the case of tandem teams or a 



