1917] ENTOMOLOGY. 549 



together with stateruonts regarding the physical and chemical properties of that 

 fungicide, particularly its settling, aging, preservation, etc. Notes are given 

 on the efficiency of Bordeaux powder and Bordeaux paste as compared with 

 freshly made Bordeaux mixture. The action of the fungicide on spore germi- 

 nation and its physical effect on various host plants, especially on potatoes, 

 are described at length. In the case of the potato plant, control of flea beetle 

 injury and tipburn by means of Bordeaux mixture are considered of much 

 importance. The author recognizes the effect of different climates on the ac- 

 tion of Bordeaux mixture, which, in the open fields of this station, seemed to 

 have a favorable physiological effect. 



Summarizing his investigations, the author states that dilute solutions may 

 be used at a considerable saving. Thorough and violent stirring is said to 

 break up the colloidal membranes, causing the mixture to settle slowly. Sphere 

 crystals are formed in a short time from the copper salts in ordinary mixtures, 

 and their covering power and adhesiveness are much less than those of col- 

 loidal membranes. A small quantity of cane sugar or glucose tends to preserve 

 indelinitely the physical and chemical character of the fungicide. The copper 

 in the thinner membranes is said to be immediately soluble and fungicidal, 

 while that in the portions adjacent to the lime particles gradually becomes 

 soluble. The lime in the mixture is also claimed to be fungicidal. 



The action of Bordeaux mixture on the fungus spores is said to result in 

 the killing of the spores, the retardation of their germination, or the putting 

 forth of a short germ tube that is not likely to grow. Bordeaux mixture is 

 claimed to kill largely by contact, the drip water not being highly fungicidal. 

 Under field conditions this fungicide increases transpiration in freshly sprayed 

 plants and increases the size of the cells, the chromatophores, and the nuclei. 

 In the greenhouse or in a climate where neither tipburn, flea beetle injury, 

 nor early or late blights occur, Bordeaux mixture does not seem to be either 

 beneficial or harmful, but is quite unnecessary. 



A bibliography is appended. 



ENTOMOLOGY. 



Miscellaneous notes on injurious insects, P. J. Parrott and H. E. Hodgkiss 

 (New York State Sta. Bui. 423 {1916), pp. 359-387, pis. S, figs. ^).— These notes 

 relate to the biology, economic importance, and treatment recommended for 

 a number of fruit insects, which, though generally of minor importance, may 

 become sufficiently numerous in occasional years to cause considerable damage, 

 namely, the orchard ermine raoths (Yponomeuta malinellus and Y. padellvs), 

 the peach leaf weevil (Anametis granulata), the lesser peach borer (Synan- 

 tJicdon pictipes), the lime-tree winter moth, the gooseberry fruit worm, and 

 a green fruit worm on apple {Oi'aphiphora alia). 



The orchard ermine moths, an account of which by Parrott and Schoene 

 has been previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 557), are being introduced into the 

 State in large numbers by importations of foreign-grown nursery stock, their 

 infestation being largely confined to apple seedlings. Observations of the 

 raining of leaves and other larval activities on apple are noted. 



The peach leaf weevil is reported to have been present in destructive num- 

 bers during two different years in plantings of young peach trees in Niagara 

 County. The opening buds and margins of unfolding leaves were eaten by the 

 weevil, which deposits its eggs in clusters of from 3 to 40 in concealed situa- 

 tions, such as the folded edges of partially-oxpanded leaves or in recesses 

 caused by a leaf being folded upon itself. Unusual numbers of the larvae of the 



