774 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Vol. 36 



Milking machines: A study of the practical operation of 108 milking 

 machines in Jefferson County, New York, F. E. Robebtson and C. W. Gil- 

 bert (Jefferson Co. [N. Y.], Farm Bur. Bui. 7 {1916), pp. 12).— A brief report 

 is given of a study of the operation of 108 milking machines representing seven 

 different makes in Jefferson County, N. Y. The study was conducted during 

 very hot weather in July and August, 1916. In order to compare hand milking 

 with machine milking information was also accumulated from 51 different 

 milkers, including men, women, and boys relating to the time required to 

 milk out 100 lbs. of milk by hand. 



It was found that with the different makes of milking machines it required 

 from SO to 126.5 minutes to milk 100 lbs. of milk per unit, as compared to 

 68 minutes by hand. Under the same conditions the different units milked 

 from 6 to 7.5 cows per hour as compared to 6.9 cows per hour by hand. These 

 data include the customary time required to start the engine, place the teat 

 cups on the cows, change the units from cow to cow, and care for the milk in 

 the usual manner. The strippings after milking with a mechanical milker aver- 

 aged less than 1 lb. per cow. 



The most efficient combination of operators and units seemed to be where 

 one operator used four single units or two double units, although greater speed 

 was made with other combinations. One operator using three single units 

 obtained 100 lbs. of milk in 28.8 minutes, while one operator using two double 

 units obtained 100 lbs. of milk in 32.4 minutes. 



It took from 15 to 20 minutes daily on the average to properly cleanse the 

 milking machines. 



Market milk contests and dairy surveys, L. H. Cooledge (Michigan Sta. 

 Rpt. 1916, pp. 251-255). — Results are given of a number of market milk con- 

 tests, market cream contests, and sanitary surveys of milk plants, dairy farms, 

 and milk plant water supplies made in a number of places in the State during 

 the year for the purpose of establishing a proper basis for educational and ex- 

 tension efforts in connection with milk production and marketing. 



A sanitary survey of the milk plants and farms supplying milk for the city 

 of Flint, Mich., showed an average score of 58.3 for the milk plants, none of 

 them scoring above 75. The average score of 40 dairy farms was 59.4, only one 

 of which scored above 75. In connection with this survey a milk contest was 

 held in which the milk samples were taken from v\^agons without previous warn- 

 ing. Of the 18 samples examined only one scored above 90 and nine below 60. 

 During the following March a second milk contest was held at Flint, in which 

 31 per cent of the samples scored above 90 and none below 60. This contest 

 included samples prepared for the contest and samples taken from wagons 

 without warning. 



Bacteriological analyses of water made in connection with these dairy sur- 

 veys showed that 37 per cent of the city water samples and 70 per cent of the 

 samples of rural dairy water supplies examined were sewage polluted. 



A plea for uniformity in municipal milk regulations, L. P. Bkown (Milk 

 Dealer, 6 (1917), No. 4, pp. 2Jf, 26, 28, 30-32, 3Jf).—ln this paper, which was 

 read before the International Association of Dairy and Milk Inspectors at 

 Springfield, Mass., the author compares the milk regulations of 17 of the larger 

 cities of the United States, and shows by means of tables the lack of uniformity 

 in the requirements of the various cities for the production of sanitary milk. 



Report of the committee on methods of appointment of dairy and milk 

 inspectors and their compensation, E. Kelley (Milk Dealer, 6 (1917), No. 4, 

 pp. lS-20, fuj. l).—ln this report, read before the International Association of 

 Dairy and Milk Inspectors at Springfield. Mass., tabulated data with brief com- 



