892 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. [Vol.36 



bydropneumatic, and pneumatic water systems and the hydraulic ram. and 

 describes and illustrates fittings used in water supply and heating systems. 



Privies and cesspools, C. G. Wiglej- and M. Knowlton (Pub. Health News 

 N. J., 2 {1916), No. 5, pp. 141-158, figs. 9). — This article deals with privies, cess- 

 pools, and leaching cesspools, and includes diagrammatic illu.^trations of dif- 

 ferent types of each. 



Disposal of sewage in rural school districts, C. G. Gillespie and Makgaket 

 S. McNaught (Cal. Bd. Ed. Bui. 11 {1916}, pp. 16, figs. 7).— This report deals 

 in general with rural school sanitation and very briefly discusses sanitary 

 privies and septic and Imhoff tank systems for rural school sewage disposal. 



ETJRAL ECONOMICS. 



Land tenure in the United States with special reference to Illinois, O. L. 

 Stewart {Univ. III. Studies Soc. Sci., 5 {1916), No. 3, pp. 135, figs. 22).— The 

 author discusses in general the situation regarding land tenure for the United 

 States as a whole, and conditions in Illinois in detail. Among his conclusions 

 are the following: 



" It appears that the forms of tenure have been phases accompanying, limited 

 by, and modifying the conditions and changes in the agricultural economy of 

 the State. The prevalence, sectional character, and growth of farming by ten- 

 ant operators is chiefly governed by the real value of the shares of the owners 

 and tenants in the surplus of operation. Tenancy forms a sort of cumulative 

 index of the effectiveness of the desire of the ownei-s to escape the operation 

 of their land, and of the ineffectiveness of the desire of tenants to become 

 owners. 



" Share tenancy has been more prevalent than cash tenancy, though cash ten- 

 ancy predominates in the northern part of the State and has been more char- 

 acteristic of tenants who were advanced in years and who were operating farms 

 whose owners were resident at a considerable distance from their farms. . . . 



" The farms of no single form of tenure can be held to be superior in all ways. 

 Managed farms had the highest value in buildings and live stock per acre, and 

 farms of owners were characterized by the highest value of implements and 

 machinery per acre. In values of domestic animals the farms of tenants were 

 below the average, when either the total value or the value per head is con- 

 sidered. The farms of tenants were largely devoted to the production of the 

 money crops. This was particularly true of share tenant farms. Yields were 

 superior in the case of farms operated by managers and by cash tenants. . . . 



" It was shown by the age statistics that young operators were more generally 

 characterized by tenancy, especially on the share basis, and that young owners 

 were most heavily encumbered. Advancing years tended to replace share with 

 cash tenancy, tenancy with ownership, and encumbrance with freedom from 

 mortgage debt. The latest census data, however, indicate that an influence is 

 at work restraining this movement. . . . 



" Fai-ming efliciency in the future will probably consist to a greater extent in 

 the ability to increase net profits through cooperative dealing with the market. 

 The eflSciency test must, therefore, rule more strongly against operators of the 

 tenures whose characteristics are oppo.sed to successful cooperative effort on 

 their part. 



" It is not necessary, however, that the farmers of other tenures operate as 

 efficiently as the owners themselves would operate. If owners prefer to have 

 their land operated by others than themselves, and if their holdings are .sufii- 

 ciently large, they may content themselves with the financial disadvantage 

 resulting from their refusal to operate their own land, . . . 



