FOODS — ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 151 



work. The conclusion is readied that, since the excretion of nitrogen 

 in the urine is not increased by muscuhir exercise, the protein of the food 

 is not directly concerned in the production of work. (See also i). 156.) 



Respiration and muscular energy, A. Ghauveau {Compt. Rend., 

 122 {1896), Xos. 2, pp. 58-64; 5', pp. 113-120).— Tha author divides the 

 ener^iy expended when a nniscle is doing positive work — for instance, 

 lifting: a weight — into two iiarts, one utilized in displacing the weight 

 and the other in sustaining it during displacement. The external work 

 of lifting a weight was measured directly, and the energy changes in 

 the muscles indirectly hy means of respiration experiments in which 

 the resi)iratory quotient was determined. The experimental details 

 are given. The conclusion is reached that the mechanical work done 

 by muscles in lifting a weight requires only an equivalent expenditure 

 of energy. (See also p. 156.) 



Dietary study at Lyman School {Sixteenth Annual Rpt. Trustees 

 State Primary and Reform Schools {Massachnsetts), 1895, pp. 25-27). — A 

 dietary study of one of the families at the Lyman School was made by 

 Mr. Chapin and Mr. and Mrs. A. S. Meserve. The family consisted of 

 34: boys, 4 adult officers, and 2 children 4 and 8 years old. The ages of 

 the boys ranged from 11 to 19 years. The duration of the experiment 

 was 1 week. The composition of most of the articles of food consumed 

 was calculated from standard tables. A few analyses were made at 

 the laboratory of the Massachusetts State Board of Health. The 

 nutrients consumed per individual per day were protein 0.265 lb., fat 

 0.183, carbohydrates 1.278, and the weight of the food was 4.25 lbs. 



Leaves as a food for farm animals, F. H. Wekenskiold {TidsJcr. 

 norsle Landhr., 3 {1896), pp. 22-34). — The author gives analyses of the 

 leaves of elm, ash, aspen, birch, alder, mountain ash, yellow willow 

 {Salix caprea), and gray willow gathered at Aas Agricultural College 

 (ISTorway). The analyses cover a period of several years. In some 

 instances the leaves, together with small twigs, were analyzed, and in 

 other cases the leaves only. In addition to the usual determinations, 

 in the later analyses indigestible albuminoids, digestible albuminoids, 

 amids, tannin, gallic acid, and i)entosans were determined. 



The average digestion coefficients obtained for the protein in the 

 leaves were: Ash, 74.1 per cent; elm, 67.3; gray willow, 65.2; moun- 

 tain ash, 62.2; aspen, 60.6; yellow willow, 56.0; alder, 52.7, and birch, 

 41.1. Including the earlier analyses, the average digestion coefticients 

 of the tannin-free leaves were as follows: Ash, 10.34 i)er cent; elm, 

 9.56; aspen, 7.68; mountain ash, 6.59. Neither starch nor alkaloids 

 were found in any of the leaves analyzed. — F. av. woll. 



Analyses of silage from stack silos, P. Hellstrom {Rpt. Ultima 

 Agl. Institute, 1894, pp. 75-77). — Samples were taken from silo stacks 

 built according to Kamstedt's method. The ages of the different sam- 

 ples, when sampled, were as follows: Sample 1, 5 months; sample II, 13 

 5096— No. 2- — 5 



