METEOROLOGY. 207 



the cooperation of Prof. K. F. Stupart, and Mexican (lata received from 

 the directors of observatories in that country." Notes and tabulated 

 data are also giveu by the editor on the annual snowfall and by P. 

 Morrill on the reduction of barometric pressure to the sea level. 



In applying the formula proposed by the International Meteorolog- 

 ical Committee to the reduction of barometric observations at elevations 

 of 1,000 ft. or more, a difficulty is encountered in determining a proper 

 reduction temperature. 



"For several months past the writer has devoted considerable labor to a study of 

 this problem, as presented in onr elevated western stations. 



"The results obtained may be brieily summarized in the following theses: 



"(1) Normal reduction temperatures maybe determined froni the normal observed 

 temperature reduced to sea level by assuming a decrement of temperature with alti- 

 tude ranging from 1.5° F. per 1,000 ft. in winter to 2.5° in summer, and being 2° jjer 

 1,000 ft. for the average of the whole year. 



"(2) Observed t(;mperatures may be reduced to sea-level temperatures (whereby 

 is meant such temperatures as would exist if the present terrestrial surface were 

 replaced bj- a sea-level plain, while the general features of the atmospheric circula- 

 ti<m remained unchanged) by applying to them increments for altitude of the magni- 

 tude noted above and further modifying them by local corrections determined as fol- 

 lows : The normal temperatures, increased jjroportionately to the various altitudes of 

 stations, are to be charted for a considerable extent of country and isotherms drawn. 

 These, while forming a remarkably uniform system of lines as compared with those 

 based on the original observed temperatures, are more or less wavy and irregular as 

 a result of local peculiarities of temperature. Through these wavy lines smooth 

 lines are drawn with a free hand, and the isothermal chart thus formed is believed 

 to closely approximate the desired chart of sea-level temperatures as above defined. 

 Temperatures taken from the latter chart furnished the data required by the first 

 thesis." 



Monthly Weather Revie-w ( F. S. Bept. Agr., JVealhcr Bureau, Monthly Weather 

 Berien','24 {1S96), No.-^. 1, pp. 1-3S, charts 7; 2, pp. 39-GS, charts 7; 3, pp. 69-103, 

 charts 9^. — In addition to the usual meteorological summaries, No. 1 contains a special 

 illustrated article on cloud observations and an iraiiroved nephoscope by C. F. Mar- 

 vin, and notes by the editor on cold air in lowlands, Mexican climatological data, 

 thunderstorms and clouds in Jamaica, and recent high balloon ascensions; and No. 

 3 contains a list of recent publications on meteorology by .T. H. McCarty, librarian 

 of the Weather Bureau; an article on the tornado of May 27 at 8t. Louis, Missouri, 

 by H. C. Frankenfield ; and a note by A. .1. Henry on tornadoes of April and I\Iay, 1896. 



Climate and Health ( U. S. Dept. Agr., IVeather Bureau, Climale and Health, vol. !3 

 (JS9G). Xo. .?, pp. 37-iU. charts 12). — -This number of Climate and Health contains clima- 

 tologic, morbidity, and mortality statistics for the four calendar weeks embraced 

 between February 2, 1896, and February 29, 1896, inclusive. 



Meteorological observations, June and July, 1896, L. Mktcalp and J. L. Bart- 

 i,7<:tt {Mas-sacliusetts Hatch Sta. Met. Buh. 00 and 91, pp. 4 each). — The usual notes 

 and summaries. 



Meteorological records, E. A. Beals (Minnesota Sta. Bui. 46, pp. 390-392). — 

 T.ables are given which shr)w total precipitaticm at 45 points in the State during each 

 month of 1895 ; the average annual precipitation at 27 points during 5 or more years ; 

 the mean temperature at 41 stations during each month of 1895, and the normal 

 temperatures, monthly and annual, for 28 stations in the State. The normal annual 

 precipitation of Minneapolis is 28.34 in. The precipitation during 1895 was 22.09 

 in. The normal annual temperature at this point is 42.3° F., and the mean tempera- 

 ture for 1895 was 43.3°. 



