348 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 



to emphasize the statement that more sap flows from a deep hole than 

 from a shallow one. The common practice of retapping trees toward 

 the end of the season in order to secure a longer flow of sap seems to 

 be sound, as shown from experiments detailed in this bulletin. The 

 study of the composition of the sap from different depths in the tree 

 gave contradictory results. Determinations were made of the glucose 

 and ash, from which it ajjpears that the average glucose content in one 

 tree was 0.0075 jjer cent, and in another 0.0123 per cent. The maximum 

 results were obtained in the early part of the season. Ten estimations 

 of the ash of the sap were made from 2 trees, and the average amount 

 present was found to be 0.051 and 0.052 per cent, respectively. 



Investigations of maple sap, sirup, and sugar, A. H. Wood and 

 F. W. Morse {Neiv Rampshire 8ta. Rpi, 1894, pp. 132-151).— T\n^ is a 

 continuation of work published in Bulletin No. 25 of the station (E. S. 

 E., 7, J). 162). The tabulated data includes the general range in per- 

 centage of saccharose found in sap of various trees during 3 years, 

 relation of saccharose to total solids, variation in composition of sap 

 from different sides and parts of a tree, and from outer and inner wood, 

 relation of depth of tapping to flow of sap, flow of sap from north and 

 south sides of trees, effect of tapping trees once and twice, and compo- 

 sition of maple sirup and sugar. 



The range in percentage of sugar was very wide, the richest sap com- 

 ing from fully developed Trees. There was a decrease in the percentage 

 of sugar as the season advanced. The average of 9 determinations of 

 the specific gravity of sap in 1893 was 1.0143; the average of 10 deter- 

 minations of the reducing sugars in 1S92 was 0.0064 per cent, and of 12 

 determinations of ash was 0.0247 per cent. In the trials so far the sap 

 from the north side was richest, and sap from the trunk was richer than 

 that from the branches. Deep tapping gave more sap than shallow, 

 and tapping on the south side gave more than on the north side. Tap- 

 ping twice close together showed no advantage. Sirups from soft 

 maples were inferior in color and flavor to those from rock maples. 



Cotton-seed industry in the South, E. L. Johnson {Sci. Amcr., 75 {189G), Ko. 

 20, 2). 363).— A. popular article. 



On the artificial addition of carbonic acid to ordinary still ■wines, E. Mach 

 {Tirol, landtv. Blatter, 15 {1S96), Xos. 10, pp. 14G-14S, figs. 3; 17, pp. 157-159). 



Studies on vinification and on the refrigeration of musts, A. Muntz and E. 

 RoussEAUX {Ann. Sci.Agron., aer. 2, 1 {1896), No. 3, pp. 321-373, fig. 1). 



Analyses of cider, F. W. Morse {New Hampshire Sta. Ept. 1894, pp. 125, 126).— 

 The specific gravity, solids, alcohol, sugar, free acids, albuminoids, ash, and car- 

 bonic acid are reported lor 6 samples of bottled cider, some of which had been 

 treated to retard fermentatiou. 



Improved processes in cider making {Amcr. Agr. {mid. ed.), 1896, Sept. 26, pp. 

 266, 267). 



General meeting of the Union for Beet-sugar Industry in the German Empire 

 at Munich, June 11 and 12, 1896 {Chem. Ztg., 20 {1896), No. 52, pp. 512, 5i5).— The 

 following points were discussed: (1) What is the cause of the dark coloring of the 

 juice 80 often noticed in the last season, and has this auy couuectiou with the strik- 



