ENTOMOLOGY. 501 



and remedies and preventives that may be used against it, together 

 with an account of various experiments with insecticides, a general 

 summary of treatment, a discussion of (quarantine, and an appended 

 bibliography of the species. 



It is believed to have come either from Australia, some part of east- 

 ern Asia, or some of the Pacittc islands. The history of its introduc- 

 tion to the eastern United States is briefly treated and a summary is 

 given bj" States of its introduction and i^resent condition. The San 

 Jos4 scale is now found in 14 States east of the Eocky Mountains, and 

 in at least 12 nurseries, from several of which it has been sent out 

 on trees for 7 years, thus affording a wide distribution. The effect of 

 climate on its spread is discussed and a map of life zones in the United 

 States is given showing that the present distribution of the scale is 

 limited to the Upper and Lower Austral regions. 



In the latitude of Washington, District of Columbia, occur 4 annual 

 generations of 30 to 40 days each, with probably a fifth generation. 

 Careful experiments to ascertain the fecundity of the species revealed 

 the estimated number of 3,'J1C,080,400 descendants from a single female 

 in one year. For the eastern United States the following recommenda- 

 tions are made: Promptly destroy affected stock in case of recent or 

 slight attack, while in older cases of wide extent cut back the trees 

 affected and treat with winter soap wash, always using the utmost care 

 to prevent introduction of infected trees or cuttings. Strong whale-oil 

 soap washes kill the insects with no iujurious effect upon the foliage of 

 the trees. Prompt action of State legislatures in passing quarantine 

 measures and enforcing insecticide work is urged. 



Insects injurious to the seed and root of Indian corn, S. A. 

 Forbes {Illinois tSta. Bui. 14, pp. X^09-290, fig.s. 01). — This bulletin is an 

 abstract of the more economic parts of a previous report.^ Corn insects 

 now recognized as being to some extent injurious number 214 species, 

 of which 18 infest the seed, 27 the root and subterranean j)art of the 

 stalk, 76 the stalk above ground, 118 the leaf, 10 the tassel and silk, 42 

 the ear in the field, 2 the stacked fodder, and 24 the stored grain either 

 whole or ground. The injury caused hy many of these is so slight as 

 to be of but little economic importance. 



The general indications of injury to seed and roots are described and 

 a synopsis given l)y which to recognize the cause of the injury. In the 

 synopsis the primary grouping is into (1) injuries to the seed in the 

 earth and (2) injuries to the roots. 



The chief injuries to seed in the earth are due (1) to attacks of ants, 

 (2) small beetles, the principal ones being Af/onodcnifi 2)aUip('s, Apho- 

 cliiis f/ranarinSjUiid Clivina inqrrcs.si/rons^ (3) footless maggots, the larvixi 

 of the seed corji maggot {Phorhia fuscipes) and of the black headed grass 

 maggot {Sciara sp.) and (4) injuries by G-legged larvic the princii)al of 

 which are the pale striped flea beetle {Systena ta'tiiata), the banded ips 

 {Tpsfasciatus), and various wire worms. 



iRpt. Illinois State Entomologist, 7 (1895). 



