DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 829 



considerable cotton-seed oil. The presence of an abnormally large 

 amount of albuminoids in a number of samples of the oleoniar<;ariiie 

 "points to a contamination with animal fiber and indicates that the 

 material used was not pure/' 



Butter and butter substitutes, W. Freak and W. S. Sweetser 

 {PoDisylvania Sta. Rpt. 1895, pp. i()I-i06').— The detection of adultera- 

 tion of butter with oleomargarine is discussed, and aiuilyses are given 

 of 11 samples of butter, suspected samples, and oleomargarine. 



"It is gratify iug that noue of the samples suspected proved to be 'oleoiiiaigariue' 

 or 'butteiiue.' 



"Evidently the ainoiiut of curd is not distinctive; nor is tlio inciting point of 

 the fats. But the tigiire of volatile fatty acids is only one-tenth as great in the 

 undoubted 'oleos' as in the butters, genuine and suspected, although the genuine 

 butters exhibit a wide range of diversity in the amount of volatile acid contained. 

 Just as distinctly are the ' oleos' higher in their power of combining with iodin, and 

 in their saponification equivalent." 



Milk sampling, C. L. Penny {Delaware Sta. Bid 31, pp. 25, Jigs. 2).— 

 Following introductory remarks on the testing of composite samples at 

 creameries and for studying the milk of herds, the author describes 

 observations made by him with a view to securing a milk preservative 

 tor composite tests which would dissolve the fat and carry it to the 

 bottom of the bottle. By keeping the samples in this way it was found 

 that the fat could be more intimately mixed with the sample when ready 

 for analysis than is the case when the cream rises to the surface. A 

 number of solvents were tried, but more particularly ethyl bromid, 

 chloroform, and carbon bisulphid. The latter was found to be pref- 

 erable, " on account of its low cost, its somewhat general use on the 

 farm as an insecticide, and its antiseptic qualities when used alone." 



"Sam[)les [of milk] preserved with carbon bisulphid, in along series 

 of trials extending over 2 years, have withstood conditions that have 

 shown almost every other i)reservative insufficient, at least in the pro- 

 portion used." 



Five or ten per cent of carbon bisulphid is added to the milk and a 

 little shaking suflQces to collect all the fat at the bottom. When a 

 sample is to be taken for final analysis the milk is well mixed, there 

 being no danger of churning, and " a perfectly homogeneous mixture is 

 obtained." 



"If the sample is to be analyzed gravimetrically for fat some care must be taken 

 in first evaporating to avoid loss from foaming over. This evil is easily obviated in 

 the sand method by simply puncturing the surface of the sand in several places with 

 a platinum wire, so soon as inflation begins, after which there will be no trouble 

 and no departure from the ordinary method. The paper-coil method requires no 

 particular care, as the sample behaves just as fresh milk. Total solids must be 

 determined by evaporation in sand and direct weighing; a small ]datiuum wire may 

 be weighed with each dish and the wire may then conveniently be used to i)uncture 

 the surface as explained.'' 



For determining thefat by the T.abcock method the carbon bi.sulphid 

 should be first removed. This can be done by adding 10 to 15 cc. of 



