19181 DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. 177 



chusetts, and Ohio, and on data obtained on twelve Ohio farms, the attempt is 

 made to estimate the cost of raising dairy heifers under present conditions. 

 Tabulated data show the cost of raising heifers under various price schedules 

 for feeds, etc. These data indicate that with the present prices of feed and 

 labor it costs over $100 to raise a heifer to two years of age. 



The niilcli goat in California, E. C. Vookhies {California Sta. Bui. 285 

 (1911), pp. 87-114, fiys. 13). — In addition to general information on the breeds 

 of milch gouts represented in California, composition and uses of goat's milk, 

 immunity of goats to diseases, care and management of goats, and future pros- 

 pects of the milch goat industry in the State, results are reported of experi- 

 mental worli with milch goats at the station, in part previously noted (E. S. R., 

 36, p. 173), but with data for three additional animals. The average feed cost 

 for five does has been 6.4 cts. per gallon of milk as compared with 8.3 cts. for 

 73 cows. 



The cost of distributing milk in six cities and towns of Massachusetts, 

 A. E. Cance and R. H. Ferguson (Massachusetts Sta. Bui. 173 (1917), pp. 54, 

 pis. 5, figs. 4)- — This investigation covers the cost of distributing milk in Am- 

 herst, Walpole, Haverhill, Pittsfield, Springfield, and Worcester. The work 

 was done during the fall of 1914 and winter of 1915 by the Massachusetts 

 Agricultural College in cooperation with the Bureau of Markets of the U. S. 

 Department of Agriculture. Accounts and statements were obtained from 85 

 distributors, some of whom were producers and some dealers. Including 

 labor, depreciation, maintenance, and overhead charges, it cost these distrib- 

 utors an average of 2.64 cts. per quart to distribute retail milk during the 

 period under study. 



An itemized summary is given of costs for 42 plants delivering milk to about 

 21,000 customers in Springfield and Worcester. For these 42 plants the aver- 

 age cost of processing and retailing milk was 2.79 cts. per quart for an average 

 daily delivery of 175 qt. of retailed milk per horse the year round. Of this 

 2.79 cts. 5.69 per cent is charged to depreciation, 20.84 per cent to maintenance, 

 17.06 per cent to circulating capital, and 56.91 per cent to labor. 



Classifying 80 of the plants included in this study by size and kind of business 

 it is noted that for plants of from 500 to 1,000 qt. daily capacity the distribu- 

 tion costs were 1.64 cts. per quart for all deliveries, and 2.05 cts. per quart for 

 retailed milk. For plants of from 1,000 to 2,000 qt. capacity these costs were 

 1.82 and 2.23 cts. per quart. The plants of less than 500 qt. daily capacity 

 averaged 2.04 and 2.66 cts. per quart. The cost of retailing milk in the 3 

 plants doing a mixed business of more than 2,000 qt. daily was 2.92 cts. per 

 quart, and In the 20 exclusively retail plants 2.93 cts. per quart. 



Comparative costs by localities involved in this study are tabulated and dis- 

 cussed. A comparison was made of the business of four producers who dis- 

 tributed their own milk and of five dealers who bought all the milk they dis- 

 tributed. The average retailing cost of the producers was 2 cts. per quart 

 against 2.16 cts. for the dealers. A striking feature of this comparison is the 

 great difference in costs as between individuals, whether producers or dealers. 



Brief studies are reported of the cost of delivery of special milk, cost of col- 

 lection and distribution of wholesale milk in cans, cost of motor-truck delivery, 

 and cost of distribution of cream. Significant facts of distribution showing 

 individual variations, disadvantages in competitive distribution of milk, and 

 suggestions for improving conditions are discussed. 



A guide for formulating a milk ordinance (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 585 

 (1917), pp. 4). — A form of milk ordinance is presented to assist the community 

 in providing an instrument for bettering its milk supply. The ordinance is 

 restricted to the production, handling, and sale of milk and cream as such, 



