19181 RURAL ECONOMICS. 191 



be paid. In some cases this saving is considerable, but in other cases insignifi- 

 cant. Judgment as to the actual advantage or disadvantage of cooperative 

 buying can not be based exclusively on the amount of direct saving thus com- 

 puted. . . . 



" For certain classes of goods, such as groceries and hardware, manufacturers 

 and wholesale dealers often refuse to give wholesale prices on cooperative pur- 

 chases on account of the resulting injury to retail dealers who are their 

 customers. Retail dealers, as might be expected, are usually opposed to co- 

 operative buying from outside concerns, and maintain that in the long run the 

 practice will injure not only them but also their customers." 



Cooperation in Finland, H. Gebhaud, edited by L. Smith-Gordon (London: 

 Williams d Norgate, 1916, pp. XIII +190, pi. 1). — This is a translation of the 

 revised edition of Gebhard's work. The author reviews the cooperative move- 

 ment in the various countries of Europe and traces the origin and development 

 in Finland. He also describes in some detail the Finnish local cooperative 

 societies, their functions, and also their federation into the national organiza- 

 tion. 



First annual report of the State market director of California for the 

 year ended December 1, 1916, H. Weinstock (Ann. Rpt. State Market Dir. 

 Cal., 1 {1916), pp. 110). — This report gives in detail an account of the different 

 marketing organizations which have been actively identified with the work of 

 the State market director's office during the year ended December 1, 1916. 



Federal Farm Loan Bureau, H. Quick (Chicago: Blackstone Inst., 1917, pp. 

 SJf).- — This pamphlet consists of one of a series of lectures, and explains the cir- 

 cumstances leading up to the organization of the Federal Farm Loan Bureau, 

 the plans and purposes of its organization, and the law under which it operates. 



Scientific method of appraising farm lands ([San Francisco], Cal.: E. M. 

 Ginty, 1917, pp. 16, figs. 6). — This publication is an outline of different factors 

 that go to make up farm values and of methods that may be used in making 

 appraisements. 



Harvest help and wages [in Saskatchewan], T. M. Molloy (Saskatchewan 

 Dept. Agr.. Ann. Rpt. Bur. Labor, 6 (1917), pp. 2^-27). — These pages call atten- 

 tion to the labor situation, methods of obtaining labor, and the sources used. 



Child labor in the sugar-beet fields of Colorado, E. N. Clopper and L. W. 

 HiNE (Child Labor Bui., 4 (1916), No. 4, pt. 1, pp. 176-206, figs. 17).— The 

 authors have described the participation of children in the growing of sugar 

 beets, and its influence upon their education and physical development. 



Race suicide in the United States, W. S. Thompson (Sci. Mo., 5 (1917), No. 

 1, pp. 22-25). — In this article the proportion of children born to women of 

 child-bearing age is compared for rural and urban populations. The apparent 

 influence of geography, difference in increase of native and foreign stock in the 

 cities, and reasons for the more rapid increase of rural over urban population 

 are reviewed. 



Missouri country life conference, 1917 (Missouri Bd. Agr. Mo. Bui., 15 

 (1917), No. 2, pp. 99). — The greater part of the discussions in this conference 

 relates to the methods of organizing farms, developing leadership, and the 

 different rural education problems. 



Rural life in Litchfield County, C. S. Phelps (Norfolk, Conn.: Litchfield 

 Co. Univ. Club, 1917, pp. 137). — This report describes the topography, soil, early 

 Bettlement, historical development, and present conditions of agriculture in the 

 county. 



A brief social and economic survey of Floyd County, Estelle Hughes 

 (Bui. State Normal School [Athens, Oa.], If (1917), No. Jf, pp. 15). — This report 

 is based on the study of the census and other documents to show the agricul- 



