1918] 



ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 255 



The cuprammonium washes, their preparation, biological properties, and 

 application, O. Butler {New Hampshire Sta. Sci. Contrib. 10 {1911), pp. 235- 

 268, pis. 8; Phytopathology, 7 {1917), No. 4, PP- 2S5-268, pis. 8).— The results 

 are given of a study of the composition and preparation of the different 

 cuprammonium washes, their relative toxicity and the conditions affecting the 

 same, and the relative efficiency and effectiveness of these washes used as 

 fungicides. The cuprammoniums met with in practice are cuprammonium 

 sulphate, which is a very unstable product, and cuprammonium hydrate and 

 cuprammonium carbonate, both of whi'ch are quite stable. 



The author concludes that the cuprammoniums are more toxic when slowly 

 than when quickly dried, their toxicity being due to soluble copper. When 

 large amounts of soluble copper are required to give protection, the cupram- 

 monium washes are preferable to Bordeaux mixture; but when small amounts 

 of soluble copper are sufficient, the cuprammonium washes are said to be less 

 effective than Bordeaux mixture so far as withstanding weathering and yield- 

 ing soluble copper for protection against organisms are concerned, although the 

 cuprammonium washes are more efficient with regard to the solubility of their 

 copper and its toxicity in solution. The relative efficiency of the unit copper 

 in the cuprammoniums in decreasing order is said to be as follows: Copper 

 sulphate ammonia, malachite ammonia, copper sulphate ammonium carbonate, 

 and malachite ammonium carbonate. 



The cuprammoniums may be used at 11.7 times their lethal concentration for 

 Plasmopara viticola on plants not affected by 0.0075 per cent of soluble copper. 

 They are considered of limited practical applicability and should not be used 

 in lieu of Bordeaux mixture whenever the latter yields sufficient soluble copper 

 to give protection. 



ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. 



Life zone investigations in Wyoming, M. Cart {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Biol. 

 Svrvey, North American Fauna No. Jf2 {1911), pp. 95, pis. 15, figs. i7).— This 

 report is based upon the results of natural history explorations conducted in 

 recent years by field parties of the Bureau of Biological Survey in all the impor- 

 tant physiographic areas of Wyoming. The first section characterizes the five 

 transcontinental life zones represented in the State, defines their extent and 

 limits, and discusses their economic possibilities. The second section consists 

 of notes on the distribution and abundance of conspicuous trees and shrubs 

 observed during the progress of the survey. An accompanying map shows in 

 detail the extent and boundaries of the life zones which traverse the State. 



The rat pest, E. W. Nelson {Nat. Geogr. Mag., 32 {1917), No. 1, pp. 1-23, 

 figs. 20 ) .—Attention is called to the economic importance of the rat. 



A distributional list of the land birds of west central Oregon, A. C. S Hel- 

 ton {Univ. Oreg. Bui., n. ser., U {1917), No. 4, PP- 51, figs, ii).— This paper, 

 which consists of an annotated list of 143 forms, includes a discussion and an 

 illustrated outline of the life zones of west central Oregon. 



Birdcraft, Mabel O. Wright {New York and London: The Macmillan Co., 

 1917, 9. ed.' pp. XXIII+317, pis. 80).— The main part of this work consists of 

 a synopsis of bird families (pp. 43-54) and bird biographies (pp. 55-279). 

 Keys to the land birds, birds of prey, and game, shore, and water birds are 

 appended. 



Your bird friends and how to win them, .1. H. Dodson {Kankakee, III.: 

 Author, [1917], pp. 24, figs. ^6).— Methods of attracting, housing, etc., of wild 

 birds are described. 



