191S) ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 261 



On a case of facultative parthenogenesis in the gipsy moth (Lymantria 

 dispar), with a discussion of the relation of parthenogenesis to sex, R. Gold- 

 scHMiuT (Biol. Bui. Mar. Biol. Lab. Woods Hole, 32 {1911), No. 1, pp. 35-Ji3). — 

 This paper includes a list of 22 references to the literature on the subject. 



The bollworm or corn earworm, F. C. Bishopp (C7. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers'' 

 Bui. 812 (1911), pp. 15, figs. 1). — This popular account replaces Farmers' Bul- 

 letin 290. previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 53). 



Controlling the peach borer, S. W. Funk (Pract. Farmer, 113 (1911), No. 18, 

 p. 316). — In Pennsylvania the author has practiced banking peach trees with 

 from 6 to 8 in. of earth during the entire year, and in this way prevented the 

 borers from getting into the roots where they are hard to reach. The mounds 

 are removed by the use of a hoe during Septeni])er, the gum removed, and the 

 borers cut out by means of a sharp knife. The importance of making the cut as 

 nearly perpendicular as possible in order to prevent mutilating the bark Is 

 pointed out. 



The currant borer, Sesia (-ffigeria) tipuliformis, H. M. Nicholls (Agr. and 

 Stock Dept. Tasmania, Bui. 69 (1911), pp. 8, figs. 5). — The common currant 

 borer (S. 2Egeria tipiiliformis) is said to be rather widely spread in the north- 

 ern part of Tasmania. 



The cassava hawk moth (Dilophonota ello), A. da Silveira (Bol. Agr. [Sao 

 Paulo], 11 ser.. No. 9 (1916), pp'. 110-124). — A summary of information on this 

 pest in Brazil, including descriptions of its several stages. Accounts of this 

 Insect in British Guiana by Bodkin (E. S. R., 28, p. 3.54) and in Cuba by Cardiu 

 (E. S. R., 28, p. 854) have been previously noted. 



On the life history of the apple fruit miner, Argyresthia conjugella, H. 

 Okamoto (Trans. Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc, 6 (1911), No. 3, pp. 213-219) .—This 

 is a report of observations made at the Hokkaido Experiment Station at 

 Sapporo, Japan. 



It appears that the eggs of A. conjugella are for the most part laid upon the 

 fruit, though a very few are deposited upon the leaves. Two moths observed 

 deposited 25 and 29 eggs, respectively, the preoviposition period varying from 

 two to four days and the incubation period in the orchard from seven to eight 

 days. The larvae which hatch out upon the apples soon seek a place to enter, 

 from 70 to 80 per cent of the larvae entering the apple on the sides and from 20 

 to 30 per cent on the stem or calyx, gummy exudations commonly occurring at 

 the place of entrance. The tunnels are numerous and extend in all directions. 

 The larvae that hatch out upon the leaves commence to feed there. 



The average time spent in the fruit was 50 days for 10 larvae observed. When 

 about full grown the larva makes a passageway out of the fruit, usually toward 

 the side of the apple, then enters the soil and forms its cocoon. The larvae 

 which develop late in the season sometimes spin their cocoons on the inside of 

 boxes or barrels. Pupation takes place early in the following spring. 



The adults spend most of their time resting in the foliage of the apple and 

 r.re rarely seen in the orchard. When disturbed they fly away so quickly that 

 the eye is unable to follow them. The moths do not appear to be attracted by 

 lights at night. 



Viviparity in the Diptera and the larvae of viviparous Diptera, D. Keii.in 

 (Arch. Zool. Expt. et G6n., 55 (1916), No. 9. pp. 393-^15, figs. 8; a&s. in Jotcr. 

 Roy. Micros. Soc, No. 2 (1911), pp. 213, 2^//).— The Diptera which are always 

 viviparous are divided by the author into two groups: (1) Those in which the 

 larvae are not nourished in the uterus of the mother, where only the embryonic 

 development proceeds, namely, some Tachinariae, Dexiidae, all the Sarcophagidse, 

 various Anthomyidae (Miisca larvipara and Mesembrina meridiana) ; and (2) 

 those in which the larvae pass all their time in the maternal uterus, some 



