1918] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 263 



1915, an account of wliich has been noted (E. S. R., 35, p. 853). Since that 

 time additional investigations have been carried on by the senior author. 



" The emergence of the flies in summer varies greatly with season and lo- 

 cality ; they may appear early in July and are usually present in numbers by 

 the third week, the maximum emergence occurring in the early part of 

 August. They continue to emerge, however, thoughout the month of August 

 and well into September. Several days after emerging the eggs are laid by the 

 female beneath the skin of the fruit, one in a place. The flies feed on the waxy 

 substance on the surface of the fruit, first moistening any solid particles with 

 saliva ejected from the mouth. 



" The eggs hatch in from 5 to 12 days and the larvte feed for a varying length 

 of time within the fruit, burrowing through it in all directions until it is honey- 

 combed by their tunnels. The pupal stage Is passed in the soil, and the winter 

 is spent in this state. A proportion of the flies remain over another winter as 

 pupae." 



Experiments indicate that a method cheaper and easier than destroying the 

 fallen fruit may be found in the use of arsenical sprays. " The use of arsenate 

 of lead 2 lbs. to 40 gal. of water, applied once when the first flies were observed, 

 which in the average season will be about July 15, and again two weeks later, 

 gave excellent results even in a very wet season. It will usually be sufficient 

 to defer the last summer spray until abotit the end of the first or second week 

 in July, repeating the application near the end of the month. When it is nec- 

 essary to apply a fifth summer spray for apple scab, the addition of arsenate of 

 lead will enable it to serve as the first maggot spray. It is particularly im- 

 portant to have the trees well covered with the poison through the early part 

 of August, for this is the time when the greatest number of eggs are laid. The 

 addition of molasses to this spray does not appear to make the poison more 

 attractive to the flies as was formerly supposed, and the experiments under- 

 taken show little if any benefit from its use. From a practical standpoint it is 

 not safe to defer the first spray until files are actually seen in the orchard, as 

 considerable damage may be done before this time." 



Danish Diptera, W. Lundbeck {Biptera Danica. Copenhagen: G. E. G. Gad, 

 pt. 3 {1910), pp. S29, figs. Ul; pt. 4 (1912), pp. 416, figs. ISO; pt. 5 {1916), pp. 

 60S, figs. 202). — These volumes, in continuation of those previously noted 

 (E. S. R., 21, p. 154), deal with the Empididte, Dolichopodidee, and Lonchop- 

 teridse and Syrphidae, respectively. 



A monographic study of the parasitic Diptera of Africa, II, J. Rodhain 

 and J. Bequaeet {Bui. Set. France et Belg., 50 {1916), No. 1-2, pp. 53-165, pis. 

 2, figs. SO; ahs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., Ser. B, 5 {1917), No. 4, pp. 49, 50).— The 

 second part of the paper previously noted (E. S. R., 36, p. 359) consists of a 

 revision of the Oilstrinfe on the African Continent. 



The rough-headed cornstalk beetle in the Southern States and its control, 

 W. J. Phillips and H. Fox {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 875 {1917), pp. 10, 

 figs. 8). — This account relates to {Ligyrus) Euetheola rugiceps, a robust, black 

 scarabeid beetle which has been increasing in importance in recent years and 

 has caused serious damage to corn crops in the Southern States, a noteworthy 

 outbreak having occurred in the tidewater section of Virginia during the early 

 summer of 1914. It appears to be confined entirely to the Southern States, 

 there being no record of its occurrence north of Virginia, Kentucky, and 

 Kansas. 



The injury to corn is caused entirely by the adult beetle and occurs only 

 during the spring and early summer. In Virginia it was confined to low, 

 poorly drained lands in the eastern section of the State. The beetles begin 



