1918] RURAL ECONOMICS. 391 



In addition to the saving in fuel the life of the boiler is prolonged on account 

 of the avoidance of expansion and contraction strains set up in the boiler shell 

 through the fjieding of cold water. For every 10° the feed water is heated 

 by exhaust steam before it enters the boiler, approximately 1 per cent of the 

 fuel is saved. . . . 



" To heat 300 gal. of milk from 60 to 145° requires about 30 lbs. of coal, 

 so that with that amount of milk an exhaust steam heater would effect an 

 annual saving of more than 5 tons of coal. ... If 1,000 gal. of milk Is 

 cooled from 145 to 75°, 573,860 B. t. u. are added to the water. Assuming coal 

 at 12,.500 B. t. u. per pound and boiler and furnace efficiency of 50 per cent, 

 the saving of the heat is equivalent to saving 92 lbs. of coal." 



Farm potato storage in North Dakota, H. O. Webnek and P. E. Clement 

 (N. Dak. Agr. Col. Ext. Bui. 11 (1911), pp. 12, figs. 6).— This bulletin describes 

 and illustrates potato storage cellars which have been found efficient and mod- 

 erate in cost in North Dakota. 



Silos, F. M. White (Vniv. Wis. Agr. Ext. Serv. Circ. 87 {1911), pp. 2h, figs. 

 11). — General information regarding the planning of wooden and concrete silos 

 is given in the form of questions and answers. 



Bunning water in the farm home, C. E. Seitz (Va. Polytech. Inst. Ext. 

 Bui. 19 (1911), pp. 11, figs. 3). — This is a brief popular bulletin describing well- 

 known plans for obtaining running water in the farm home, but including 

 bills of materials and cost data of special value to Virginia farmers and agri- 

 cultural engineers. 



RURAL ECONOMICS. 



Important factors in the operation of irrigated Utah farms, E. B. Bros- 

 SAKD (Utah Sta. Bui. 160 (1911), pp. Jf8, figs. i6).— This investigation is based 

 upon the 1914 farm business records of 309 irrigated Utah farms. Among the 

 conclusions brought out were the following: 



A greater percentage of capital is directly productive on farms with large 

 capital than on farms with small capital. There is less waste land in propor- 

 tion to the total farm area on the farms with large capital. Farms with large 

 capital are more profitable than farms with small capital, as shown by the 

 increase in labor income. This increases in the same ratio as farm capital until 

 capital reaches $20,000 or over, but beyond this as capital increases 1 per cent, 

 labor income increases only about 0.33 per cent. There are more acres of crops, 

 on the average, on the large farms than on the small farms, but the propor- 

 tionate area cropped is less. Horse and man labor with crops and live stock 

 is more efficient on the large farms. 



Over half of the labor income from the average irrigated Utah farm is 

 increase in inventory of farm capital, and the most important increases in the 

 farm inventories are in live stock and feed, which seems to indicate that 

 Utah farmers realize the advantage of increasing the number of live stock 

 on their farms. On an average the farms with the highest crop yields per 

 acre are the most profitable. When average crop yields are maintained, the 

 size of the irrigated Utah farm influences the labor income of the farmer 

 more than increased crop yields per acre. The number of live stock and the 

 net live stock receipts per productive animal unit affect directly the farmer's 

 labor income— as either increases the farmer's labor income increases, and 

 both are important factors in the operation of irrigated Utah farms. 



The dawn of a new constructive era (Proc. Cut-Over Land Conf. South. 

 1911,, pp. 244). — This is the report of a conference held in New Orleans, La., 

 to discuss the cut-over land problem of the South, and devoted primarily to 



