1918.] ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 657 



by the middle of October practically all larvse will have left the foliage and 

 may be found snugly protected in the hibernacula. They remain in hibernation 

 until the latter part of March or the first days of April, when they emerge 

 and attack the unfolding leaves. The larvse reach full maturity from about 

 April 20 to the latter part of June, but the majority pupated between May 10 

 and June 10 in 1913 and about 10 days later in 1914 and 1915. 



Among the parasites reared from the pupa of this case-ben rer are Itoplectis 

 conquisitor, Triclistus apicalis, Calliephialtes grapholithce, and Pristomerus 

 sp., of the Ichneumonidse ; Macrocentms delicatus, Meteorus sp., Habrobracon 

 variabilis, and Orgllus sp. of the Braconidae; Secodella acrobasis and Ceramv- 

 bycobius sp. of the Chalcidoidea ; and Leskiomimu tenera and Exorista sp. near 

 pyste of the Tachinidse. Spilochalcis vittata has also been reported from this 

 host and Triclw gramma minutum was on one occasion reared from its eggs. 

 The small chalcidoid S. acrobasis, which was reared in great abundance from 

 the overwintering larvse, is the most effective of the parasites. 



Experimental control work which extended over a period of three years is 

 reported in detail. The work shows conclusively that no matter how badly 

 an orchard may be infested, the pest can be controlled by a single application 

 of arsenical solution combined with lime, if made during the latter part of the 

 summer. The best results are obtained from the use of 1 lb. of powdered or 

 2 lbs. of paste arsenate of lead and 3 lbs. of freshly slaked lime to each 50 

 gal. of water. It is pointed out that arsenate of lead should not be used un- 

 der any circumstances without the addition of lime as loss from injury to the 

 foliage and nuts is likely to follow. Spraying may be done with equal effective- 

 ness any time between the first of August and the middle of September, which 

 is after the eggs have hatched. 



An annotated list of 19 references to the literature cited is appended. 



An outline of the life history of the clothes moth, Tineola biselliella, R. C. 

 Benedict (Science, n. ser., 46 (1917), No. 1193, pp. 464-466) .—The author's in- 

 vestigations of clothes moths, conducted with a view to solving the problem of 

 moth proofing ordinary woolen fabrics, have led to the conclusion that, in the 

 vicinity of New York City at least, the case-making clothes moth (Tinea 

 pellionella) is of comparatively rare occurrence and that the extensive damage 

 which is done in connection -with the fur and woolen trades is due almost 

 entirely to the yellow clothes moth (T. biselliella) . Both the black and buffalo 

 carpet beetles were found invariably in each supply of moth material ex- 

 amined, but in comparatively small numbers. A much larger unidentified beetle 

 occurred in great numbers in the supply of blown hat fur and rabbit skins 

 which had their source in Australia. 



Egg laying began within 24 hours after mating and from 30 to 160 eggs were 

 deposited, the usual number being between 40 and 50. At the completion of 

 oviposition, which might be in one day or as long as three weeks, the female 

 dies. The eggs are carefully placed among the threads of the cloth and fas- 

 tened by some glutinous material so that they do not readily shake off. 

 Hatching begins in 7 days and the larvse commence to feed immediately. 

 They take the color of the cloth fed upon, the dyes passing through the ali- 

 mentary canal apparently unchanged. When a larva wished to change its 

 feeding place it either continued its gallery, sometimes for several inches, or 

 left it entirely and built another. The larval stage is completed in a minimum 

 period of 10 weeks while the cocoon stage lasts at the shortest two weeks. 



Control experiments which were directed toward the discovery of a poison 

 that would destroy the larvse through their food and which would not be harm- 

 ful to human beings have given negative results. 



61347°— 18 5 



