1918.] DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 679 



the quantities used the cows ate each of the grain feeds very readily. The 

 order of economy and value of these protein feeds was as follows : Linseed 

 meal, gluten feed, cottonseed meal, peanut meal, and fish meal. The costs per 

 ton were, respectively, $38, $32, $33, $40, and $80. It is stated that although 

 fish meal is too expensive for profitable feeding to dairy cattle in large quanti- 

 ties, it might be used to advantage in small quantities on account of its tonic 

 effect. 



In continuation of previous work (E. S. R., 36, p. 75), whole milk was com- 

 pared with various grain substitutes with and without skim milk and butter- 

 milk for raising calves to six months of age. These experiments have shown 

 the great economy of feeding a good homemade calf meal with a dairy by- 

 product, and indicate that buttermilk is slightly sui)erior to skim milk as a 

 supplement to calf meal. 



The feed cost of raising 20 heifers to about 6 months of age varied from 

 $10.59 to $39.12 per head; of raising 15 heifers to 12 months of age, from $16.42 

 to $48.42 ; and of raising 9 heifers to 24 months of age, from $29.13 to $47.92. 

 In this test the most expensive gains were made where whole milk was fed 

 during the first 5 months. 



In a test of a number of proprietary fly repellents some of the repellents 

 were fairly efficient. It is noted that where these sprays were used there was 

 a complete absence of warbles on the cattle, whereas unsprayed cattle on ad- 

 joining pastures were heavily infested with warbles. 



Further tests with five different makes of milking machines indicate that, 

 taking good hand milking as representing 100 per cent thoroughness in milking 

 clean, the efficiency of the machines varied from 91.59 to 87.46 per cent 



The ordinary single-jacket milk can was compared with an insulated double- 

 jacket can for shipping milk a distance in warm weather. With milk cooled 

 on eight days in July to an average of 38.2° P. at 6 a. m. and shipped by wagon, 

 the average temperature 2.5 hours later at the city was 47.4° in ordinary cans 

 and 40.1° in insulated cans. 



The average cost of raising 4 Shorthorn heifers to 12 months of age, when 

 they averaged 625 lbs. per head, was $36.55. Two Shorthorn heifers cost to 

 the calving period $89.83 and $96.21, respectively. Detailed data are given of 

 the cost of raising a bull calf largely with skim milk during the first 6 montlis, 

 as compared with one which was allowed to suckle the cow. The skim-milk 

 calf at 320 days of age weighed 580 lbs. and had cost $31.63, whereas the other 

 calf at the same age weighed 775 lbs. and had cost $78.20. In this test whole 

 milk was valued at 4 cts. per quart and skim milk at 20 cts. per 100 lbs. 



Four lots of from 3 to 4 10-week-old calves each were fed until they were 3 

 months of age. Lot 1 received whole milk ; lot 2 skim milk with a grain mix- 

 ture of oats, corn meal, and linseed meal (2:4:1) ; lot 3, a commercial calf 

 meal and water; and lot 4, the same calf meal and skim milk. The average 

 daily gains per head were 2.14, 1.82, 1.31, and 1.82 lbs. for the respective lots. 

 With oats $40, corn meal $38, linseed meal $40, calf meal $80, whole milk $25, 

 skim milk $4, silage $2, and hay $7 per ton, the average cost per pound of gain 

 was 10.8, 4.05, 6.9, and 4.18 cts. for the i-espective lots. 



In another test the cost of raising 7 dairy heifers to 6 months of age on 

 whole milk, skim milk, grain, hay, and roots varied from $26.88 to $37.82. 



To ascertain the proper quantities of grain to feed with hay, silage, and 

 swedes a number of dairy cows were fed from November to March each year for 

 three years. The animals in lot 1, which received all the meal they would 

 clean up (averaging 1 lb. per 2.19 lbs. of milk), were fed at an average cost of 

 $24.43, and gave a profit of $15.94 per cow per year. Lot 2, fed 1 lb. of meal to 

 4 lbs. of milk, averaged in feed cost $17.47 and in profit $14.79 per cow per year. 



