1918] DAIEY FARMING DAIRYING. 683 



increased to 3.5 per cent and the fat to 5 per cent. The constitution of the 

 milk fat also became normal, but this was probably not due to the change in 

 ration, as the same change occurred in 1915 without a sinailar change in ration. 



A study to determine the cause of gum^my body commonly ckaracteristic 

 of butter produced in the South, noting' especially the influence of various 

 rations on texture and flavor, R. L. Shields, J. A. Raitt, and G. F. Lipscomb 

 (South Carolina Sta. Rpt. WIT, p. 16). — The results of the experiment indicate 

 that " cottonseed meal products, if fed moderately, as they should be fed, do not 

 produce sticky or gummy butter. . . . Cottonseed products, even if fed in lim- 

 ited amounts, tend to increa.se melting point of butter ; wheat bran, peanut 

 meal, and velvet bean meal tend to lower melting point of butter. Amount of 

 working, richness of cream, and churning temperature have no effect on gummy 

 quality of butter. Pasteurization of cream destroys gumminess of butter to 

 some extent." 



Stage of lactation affects milk yield, R. I. Gkady {Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., 2 

 (1911), No. 12, pp. 401-406, figs. 2).— Data from the yearly milk records of 96 

 Jerseys and 96 Holsteins are summarized in order to show the effect of the 

 stage of lactation on the yield and quality of milk. 



During the first eight months of lactation the Jerseys decreased in milk 

 yield from 4 to 8 per cent per month, based on the yield of previous months. 

 The Holsteins during this pei'iod decreased from 2 to 10 per cent. The total 

 decrease for this period was, for the Jerseys, 47 per cent in milk yield and 42 

 per cent in fat yield, and for the Holsteins, 49 per cent in milk yield and 47 

 per cent in fat yield. After the eighth mouth the decrease in milk flow was 

 much more rapid, the average for both breeds being about 12 per cent per month. 

 The fat content of the milk varied very little during the first four months of 

 lactation. After the fourth montli the percentage of fat gradually increased. 

 The percentage of fat in the milk of the Jerseys was 15.5 per cent higher and 

 of the Holsteins 8.1 per cent higher in the tenth month than in the first mouth. 



To show how different cows vary in the changes that occiir in milk flow, five 

 cows of each breed that made but small changes in their milk flow from month 

 to mouth were compared with five cows from each breed that varied greatly 

 from month to month. It was found that the average monthly decrease of the 

 persistent milkers was 3 per cent, and of the short milkers 9.8 per cent, during 

 the first six months of the lactation period. 



Marketing Wisconsin milk, B. H. Hibbaed and H. E. Ekdmann (Wisconsin 

 Sta. Bui. 2S5 (1917), pp. 71, figs. 14). — In this report of a study of conditions 

 suiTOunding the niarketing of milk in a number of cities and towns in Wisconsin 

 the authors discuss the consumption of milk in tlie State, grades of milk, 

 health regulations affecting the marketing of milk, bases for payment to 

 farmers, markets for Wisconsin whole milk, direct and indirect marketing, 

 market organization among the milk producens, prices and price making, the 

 relation of price to cost of production, and the condensed milk and powdered 

 milk industries. 



The cost of direct delivery of milk by seven producers varied from 1.27 to 

 2.38 cts. per quart. The average of five of these men who were retailing chiefly 

 their om'u milk and selling relatively little at wholesale was 1.59 cts. per quart, 

 while for two retailing bulk milk the cost was 1.28 cts. per quart. The cost of 

 distribution in indirect marketing of milk varied from 1.22 to 3.61 cts. per 

 quart. It is estimated that for moderate-sized plants the cost of preparing and 

 distributing milk prior to the unusual rise of prices of 1916 was slightly over 

 2.5 cts. per quart. On the basis of 6.47S cts. per quart it is estimated that the 

 total costs were distributed as follows : Amount paid farmer, 3.276 cts. ; trans- 

 portation, 0.489 ct. ; handling at plant, 1.172 cts. ; and delivery, 1.541 cts. 



