762 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [Vol.38 



Heavy summer and fall rains resulted in a very poor honey crop during the 

 year. Weighing experiments with shaded and unshaded colonies showed that 

 there was no striking or consistent difference in production. 



Experiments with paraffin oil emulsion as a contact insecticide have shown 

 it to be more effective than homemade lime-sulphur when used against Porto 

 Rican insects. A serious outbreali of the yellow aphid (Sipha flava) on young 

 sugar cane at Ponce is recorded, the growth of the cane having been severely 

 retarded and in a few cases death resulting from its attacli. The outbreak 

 was eventually controlled by natural enemies. The occurrence of Stcrictiphora 

 zaddachi, the larvae of which feed on leaves of sea-grape (Coccoloba uvifera), 

 and icaco (Chrysobalaiuts icaco) is noted. 



Studies of the changa are noted below. 



War on greenhouse pests, H. A. Gossard (Mo. Bui. Ohio Sta., S (1918), No. 

 1, pp. 21, 22, figs. 2). — In continuation of the paper previously noted (B. S. R., 

 38, p. 654) a brief account is given of control measures for greenhouse mites and 

 cutworms. 



Pecan insects, W. P. Tueneb {Ga. Bel. Ent. Bui. 49 (1918), pp. 6-37, pis. 

 J2). — This is a general summary of information on the more important insects 

 affecting the pecan, based upon investigations by the author and by O. S. 

 Spooner in south Georgia, a brief report on which by Worsham has been 

 previously noted (E. S. R., 38, p. 25G). 



The species considered are the pecan leaf case-bearer (Acr-obasis nebulella), 

 pecan luit case-bearer (A. hcbescclla), pecan cigar case-bearer (Coleophora 

 carycefoliella), pecan bud worm (Proteoptcryx bolliana), pecan shuckworm 

 ([Enarmonia] Laspeyresia caryana), fall webworm, walnut or pecan caterpillar 

 (Datana integerrima), vecan catocalas (Catocala spp.),twig girdlers (Oncideres 

 cingulata), flat-headed apple tree borer, Chrysobothris scitula, Agrilus anxius, 

 cossid borer (Cossula magnifica) , red-shouldered shot-hole borer ([Sinoxylon] 

 Xylebiops buailare), pecan ambrosia beetle ([Xyleborus'\ Xyleborinus pecanis), 

 lesser pecan tree borer (Synanthedon [Sesia] geliformis) , a pecan nut curculio 

 (Conotrachclus juglandis), the hickory and pecan weevil (Balaninus caryw), a 

 leaf -feeding beetle (Diylotaxis excavata), a leaf-hopper (Empoasca sp.), pecan 

 phylloxera (Phylloxera sp.), pecan aphis (MonelUa costalis), and a spittle 

 insect. A Farmers' Bulletin on pecan insects by Gill has been previously noted 

 (E. S. R., 38, p. 157) as have investigations, by the same author, of the pecan 

 leaf case-bearer (E. S. R., 38, p. 656). 



The changa or West Indian mole cricket, R. H. Van Zwaluwenburg 

 (Porto Rico Sta. Bui. 23 (1918), pp. 28, pis. 3).— This is a summary of the 

 present status of knowledge of the changa, based ui>on a review of the literature 

 and investigations conducted by the author, and replaces the bulletin by Barrett 

 previously noted (E. S. R., 14, p. 885). 



The changa is the most serious pest to general agriculture in Porto Rico, the 

 general gardener sustaining the greatest losses from its attacks. Its injury is 

 commonly caused by attacking the crown of the plant. It is shown that the 

 species occurring in Porto Rico is Scapteriscus vioinus instead of »S'. didactylus 

 as formerly supposed. 



Life history studies have shown that there are usually eight molts, although 

 occasionally there are but seven in the male. The entire period from egg to 

 adult averaged 281 days for 11 males and 321 days for 7 females. The average 

 duration of the instars of changas reared from the egg was 40.2, 29.4, 26.8, 27.5, 

 30, 47.5, 45.7. and 54.1 days, respectively. The preoviposition period of three 

 individuals observed in the field averaged 79 days, 62 days having been the 

 minimum and 93 days the maximum. The maximum number of eggs deposited 



