191S.] EURAL ECONOMICS. 791 



Actual situation of motor cultivation in Department of Haute-Garonne 

 [France], G. Hj&eon {Jour. Agr. Prat. Yit et Econ. Rurale Midi France, 112 

 {1916), No. 8-12, pp. 190-210). — This is a discussion of the economics of motor 

 cultivation in Department of Haute-Garonne, France. 



Tests of motor cultivation at Perigueux, E. Beziat {Proy. Agr. et Yit. {Ed. 

 VEst-Centre), S8 {1917), No. 18, pp. 421-^28, figs. 2).— Tests of five American 

 tractors on direct draft plowing under French conditions on February 22 and 

 23, 1917, are reported. All the tractors were of the two-drive wheel type and 

 with either one or two guide wheels. Three bottom plows were used. 



It is concluded that the American tractors are far from ideal for French use. 



A study of the plow bottom and its action upon the furrow slice, E. A. 

 White {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 12 {1918), No. 4, pp. 149-182, 

 pis. 4, figs. 26). — This paper, contributed from the New York Cornell Experi- 

 ment Station, " is an attempt to begin a fundamental analysis of the plow bot- 

 tom and its work." It includes (1) a study of the forms of plow bottoms, (2) 

 an attempt to analyze the motion of the soil particles as they pass over the 

 surface, and (3) a mathematical analysis of the surfaces of the most important 

 historical plow bottoms which were designed to be geometrically exact. 



" There is considerable evidence, based upon field experience, which indicates 

 that a portion of a hyperboloid of one sheet is the proper form for the surface 

 of a plow bottom. So far as is known this hypothesis awaits definite proof." 



Electricity on the farm, C. O. Crane {Reclam. Rec. [U. S.], 8 {1917), No. 10, 

 pp. 471-4^S, 4'^6). — This article deals with the economics of using electrical 

 power for various farm and household operations, with special reference to con- 

 ditions in southern Idaho. It is stated that under the prevailing rate of 6 cts. 

 per kilowatt-hoiar for electrical power in southern Idaho, man power at 15 cts. 

 an hour is about thirty-two times as expensive as electrical power. Consider- 

 able data are given on the electrical power requirements for various farm oper- 

 ations, including irrigation pumping and cost data therefor. 



" There are now 1,770 rural customers using current for lighting residences 

 and barns, 273 for domestic power, 312 for irrigation, 18 for grinding feed, 130 

 for cooking and water heating, 80 for washing machines, 1,220 for flatirons, and 

 1,060 for some of the other labor-saving domestic appliances." 



Modern methods of lighting and ventilating cow stalls, A. M. Kuijsten 

 {Cultura, 29 {1917), No. 347, pp. 216-228, pi. i).— Lighting and ventilating 

 methods are described and mathematical formulas given. 



RURAL ECONOMICS. 



Rural planning and development, T. Adams {Ottawa: Com. Conserv. Canad., 

 1917, pp. [9^+281, pis. 65). — This report is a study of rural conditions and 

 problems in Canada, and discusses present systems of surveying and planning 

 land in rural areas, rural transportation and distribution (railways and high- 

 ways), rural problems that arise in connection with land development, organ- 

 ization of rural life and rural industries, government policies and land develop- 

 ment, returned soldiers and land settlement, and provincial planning and 

 development legislation. 



The report concludes that several matters require special attention, and 

 recommends that " the federal and provincial government legislation and ma- 

 chinery for dealing with the control of the planning, settlement, and develop- 

 ment of land be extended and improved. 



" There should be closer cooperation than hitherto between federal, provincial, 

 and municipal governments, and between different branches of the public 

 service, in regard to all matters dealing with land. 



