826 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. IVol. 38 



broadcasting v. drilling grass and legume seed with grain. Considerable tabu- 

 lated data are presented and fully discussed, showing both crop yields and crop 

 \ a lues for the various treatments outlined. 



The results may be summarized as follows : Rotations of grains, clover and 

 timothy hay, and cultivated crops, with moderate applications of manure, have 

 maintained yields, and with one exception returned a net income of $8.76 or 

 over per acre. Cropping systems of different grains alternated, or of grain and 

 corn alternated with moderate applications of manure but without clover, have 

 not maintained yields, although an average net income of $7.75 per acre was 

 realized. The yields of grain and corn grown continuously, with moderate 

 amounts of manure, have been consistently lower than those obtained in the 

 better rotations, and somewhat lower than those secured from rotations of 

 grains only or grains and cultivated crops only. The average net income per 

 acre has been $2.84 for wheat, $5.15 for oats, and $8.95 for corn. A 4-year 

 rotation of oats, wheat, clover hay, and corn showed increased yields over 

 the same crops grown continuously of 13.7 per cent for corn, 14.95 per cent 

 for oats, and 30.98 per cent for wheat, and increases in the net income per acre 

 of 29.2 per cent, 35.2 per cent, and 72.3 per cent, respectively. Mangels grown 

 continuously with annual applications of 6 and 12 tons of manure per acre, 

 respectively, did not in either case yield a product equal to the cost of pro- 

 duction. 



An average net return of $11.95 per acre was obtained from a 3-year rotation 

 of oats, clover hay, and corn, with 6 tons of manure per acre applied preceding 

 the corn crop. A complete commercial fertilizer in place of the manure gave 

 practically the same yields, but at a financial loss of $3.44 per acre. Raw rock 

 phosphate, acid phosphate, muriate of potash, and nitrate of soda applied 

 singly, in addition to the manure, resumed in losses amounting to $4.59, $3.77, 

 $4.83, and $11.37 per acre, respectively. A complete fertilizer used in addition 

 to the manure resulted in a loss of $8.84 per acre. 



A consistent lowering of corn yields during the last four years of the experi- 

 ment was observed in the rotation without manure. Manure applied to meadow, 

 in the spring of the year and preceding corn, failed to increase appreciably the 

 hay yield and resulted in a lowering of corn yields. Pasturing off the gi-ass 

 crop as compared with removing two hay. crops gave no increase in yield of oats 

 or corn. There was no appreciable difference in the yields of corn on fall 

 or early spi'ing-plowed clover sod, although fall plowing is deemed the better 

 farm practice. Oats were not so satisfactory on double-disked spring-plowed 

 corn land as on double-disked fall-plowed land or as on cobu land double disked 

 only. On weedy, infertile, or compact corn land, plowing for grain crops is 

 deemed preferable to double disking only. The stands of clover and timothy 

 and the yields of hay were less satisfactory when sown with oats on double- 

 disked spring-plowed corn land than on double-disked fall-plowed land or on 

 land double disked only. Yields of hay from clover and timothy sown broadcast 

 averaged 2.65 tons per acre, while that drilled with the grain, in a 3-year rota- 

 tion, averaged 2.89 tons. 



The author concludes from these results that " adopting a systematic rota- 

 tion of crops in wliich is included clover and timothy for hay or pasture will 

 ordinarily result in as large a total yield of grains and corn each year as for- 

 merly, when the acres were cropped largely to grain and corn only. The net 

 income per acre from the grains and corn grown in rotation with clover or 

 similar legumes may be expected to b« higher than from the same crops grown 

 continuously or in rotations not including clover." 



[Report of field crops work in Hawaii], F. G. Krauss {Hawaii Sta. Rpt. 

 1917, pp. 29-31, pi. 1). — Field tests with leguminous and nonleguminous crops 



