ENTOMOLOGY. 157 



Asa remedy for the trouble, protecting the foliage against the attacks 

 of the adult beetles is suggested. This may be done by spraying 

 tin >roughly with Bordeaux mixture, to which a little Paris green has 

 been added. 



The lesser apple leaf folder and the leaf crumpler, J. M. Sted- 

 man (Missouri Sta. Bui. 36, pp. 62-80, figs. 6). — The author gives here 

 a popular account of the damages committed by these two insects in 

 Missouri during the years 1895 and 1896, of their life histories and 

 habits, and of experiments undertaken to determine the best remedies. 

 Relative to the life history, he brings out the fact that in his breeding- 

 cages the insects emerged from the pupal condition uniformly earlier 

 than they were found in the field. As to remedies against the leaf 

 folder, he points out that its life history shows that the most favorable 

 time for attacking it is at the beginning of each of its three broods or 

 before the larva* have folded the leaves. They then may be very 

 economically destroyed by a spray made of lime and Paris green in 

 the proportions of 1 lb. of the lime and 3 lbs. of the Paris green to 150 

 gal. water. 



The leaf crumpler may be attacked with the same mixture just before 

 the flowers open. In some of the experiments the trees were sprayed 

 a second time just after the blossoms fell, with a weaker mixture £175 

 instead of 150 gal. water), but no particular advantage appeared to be 

 derived from so doing. 



Remedies for insects and fungi, C. W. Woodworth {California 

 8ta. Bui. 115, pp. 15). — In this popular bulletin the author reduces the 

 subject of remedies against insects and fungi to systematic form, bring- 

 ing out prominently the fundamental principles of economic entomology. 

 The chief mistakes commonly made in the application of remedies are 

 pointed out. 



The insects and fungi are divided into 7 classes according to their 

 mode or places of activity and the pnrper remedies to be employed in 

 each class noted. The classes are: (1) root feeding, (2) boring, (3) sap 

 sucking, (4) defoliating insects, and (5) external, (6) local, and (7) pene- 

 trating fungi. Eemedies are also treated separately, as powders, gases, 

 and washes or sprays. 



A table showing the ingredients of the common washes and sprays 

 with their proportions calculated in percentages and for 5 and 40 gal. 

 amounts is given. Another table shows the amounts of potassium 

 cyanid to be used ou orange trees of varying heights. 



The common practice of using hydrocyanic-acid gas stronger for 

 large than small trees is declared to be without reasonable basis. The 

 use of carbon bisulphid against root-eating insects is not considered 

 advisable, since in order to kill the insects it is necessary to use the 

 substance in amounts sufficient to injure the plants. 



In a supplement published March 9, 1897, a correction is made as to 

 the amount of water given in a formula for a lime, salt, and sulphur 



