25G EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 



life history. The results obtained were found to be very much at 

 variance with the facts as given in entomological literature, Eggs 

 were obtained in abundance. 



"Instead of being laid in the calyx, we find thai the eggs are laid almost exclu- 

 sively mi the upper surface of the leaves. Only rarely is one found on the apple or 

 on the under side of the leaves, in the orchard, though in confinement they may bo 

 laid anywhere. At least this has been true up to this time. It may be, however, 

 that the later eggs, when the apples are large, may be oftener found on the apple 

 itself. They are usually found on haves of a cluster associated with an apple. 

 The egg is about the size of a pin-head and looks not unlike a small drop of milk. 

 Apparently many sterile ones are laid, or the ovule perishes for some cause. These 

 are whiter and more shining than the fertile ones. Just before hatching, a black 

 spot develops in the center, which is the head of the young larva. When first 

 hatched he is a tiny fellow about an eighth of an inch long, but as spry as a cricket. 

 His head is then the most prominent part id" him. He immediately begins to hunt 

 for a hiding place, and the most convenient one is often that formed by the closed 

 calyx cup, into which he inters to begin his work. About 80 per cent of the larva' 

 hatched in the orchard during the early part of the season have entered by that 

 means. If two apples hang together or if a leaf hangs over one and close against it 

 that appears to suit them just about as well.'' 



Having learned its life history, the next question was to learn how 

 to combat it. The best time for spraying seemed to be about a week or 

 ten days after the trees were in full bloom, or, about May 15. Difficulty 

 was found in drenching the calyx sufficiently and the spray was made 

 coarser. But there were neither eggs nor larva- at this time, the first 

 eggs being found June 3 and the first larva 1 on June 12, or nearly a 

 month after it is necessary to spray in order to get the poison into the 

 calyx cup. From this it is concluded that it is necessary to get the 

 poison into the calyx cup so that the latter may close over it and 

 retain it for the larva- later on. This means would seemingly dispose 

 of about SO per cent of the larva-. The remaining 20 per cent find 

 ingress to the apples through the skin, and for them the author thinks 

 an addition of soap, lime, or of Bordeaux mixture to a spray, making 

 the latter stick better to the surface of the apples, will be found 

 efficient. 



The insects maybe attacked in the egg stage — since the eggs are laid 

 upon the upper surface of the leaf and are readily reached by kerosene 

 emulsion. What strength of the emulsion will be efficient for fieldwork, 

 however, has not yet been determined. The-pupa- may possibly be suc- 

 cessfully attacked by some caustic spray, and it seems as though the 

 band and trap method might prove useful, in captivity the young larvae 

 eat the surfaces of the leaves, and if they do the same under natural con- 

 ditions, it seems that they might be attacked by spraying the leaves. 



The beet beetle and other enemies of sugar beets, A. Silantyev 

 (Selsl: Khoz. Lyesov., 183 (1896), pp. 1185-1200).— A description of the 

 ravages of the beet beetle (Cleonis punetiventris) upon beets in the 

 Voronezh Government of Russia and methods of combating it. The 

 usual methods employed there are hand picking and the formation of 

 pitfall ditches about fields. The ditches, however, are found somewhat 

 ineffective during the pairing time of the insects. Experiments were 



