FOODS ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 



265 



amount of carbohydrates was greater than usual. Very little food was 

 wasted, the maximum being only a little over 3 per cent. 



"These people can and do continually live, where provisions as a rule are expensive, 

 on less than 7 cts. per man per day for actual nutrients and on less than 10 cts. per 

 day when coffee and other articles not absolutely necessary are included. If the 

 families studied had used more corn and less flour, as is often the case in families of 

 the poorer class, the cost would have been still less." 



The food of Italian university students, A. Serafini (Arch. Hy<j., 

 29 (1897), No. 2, pp. 141-184, tables 5). — The author discusses at length 

 the dietary habits of Italian university students, particularly those of 

 the University of Padua. In his opinion the students may be divided 

 into 3 classes, (1) those having an income of $30 to $40 per month, 

 (2) those having an income of $1G to $18 per month, and (3) those hav- 

 ing an income of $8 to $10 per month. The second class is by far the 

 largest. The students ordinarily spend a considerable part of their 

 income for amusements, etc., so that the sum actually expended for 

 food is comparatively small. In the author's opinion the students of 

 the first class have no necessity for economy in the matter of food, 

 those of the second class must exercise economy, while those of the 

 third class must depend upon the people's kitchens and other cheap 

 eating houses. The food of the first class consists of a mixed diet, 

 including bread, meat of various sorts, vegetables, fruit, macaroni, 

 cheese, etc. The students of the second class have a more limited 

 diet, consisting largely of meat, cheese, black bread, vegetables, and 

 macaroni. Those of the third class consume much the same foods 

 though in less variety, and the amount of meat eaten is very small. 

 All classes drink wine in moderation. 



The author reports 5 experiments with a healthy student, covering 

 the dietaries followed by the different classes of students. Each con- 

 tinued 5 days except the last which was of 1 days' duration. The 

 food, urine, and feces were analyzed. The experiments are reported in 

 great detail. The amounts of nutrients consumed daily in the different 

 experiments are shown in the following table: 



Nutrients consumed per day. 



In the author's opinion the students of moderate and small means 

 are not properly nourished. That this is not followed by more serious 

 consequences is due to the fact that vacations are long and during 

 vacations their diet is much more abundant. The severe application 

 preceding examinations has a marked influence on the dietary habits 

 and physical condition of the students. 



