364 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 



Janus integer; 1 discusses briefly its history, distribution, and destruc- 

 tiveness, and shows how the insect makes its presence known. Its life 

 history is fully discussed. The girdling' process is described as follows: 



"She first forces her ovipositor its whole length into the shoot. When she with- 

 draws it, however, she docs not pull it straight out, but twists it to our side, so that 

 it is held at right angles to the body, and then makes it saw its way out. As the 

 ovipositor is curved, its tip first appears through the hark of the shoot off at one 

 side from where it was forced in, and the rest of the 'saw' soon comes through, 

 leaving a smooth, somewhat curved cut, forming a part of the circle around the 

 shoot equal in length to about the length of the ovipositor. Without moving from 

 her position, the female usually again inserts her ovipositor very near where she did 

 the first time, hut twists it the other way. thus making 2 cuts extending in oppo- 

 site directions from one point. She then moves around the shoot until she finds the 

 end of one cut and proceeds in the same manner to cut another slit. She continues 

 this process of moving around the stem and cutting new slits from the ends of those 

 just made until the girdle of cuts is complete, or nearly so. We have repeatedly seen 

 a female lay an egg in a minute and in the next 4 minutes girdle the shoot a short 

 distance above the egg. Sometimes the girdling is so complete that the tip falls off 

 at once, but usually a portion of the shoot remains uncut, and the tip may remain 

 attached for some time, especially if the shoot is a large and vigorous one. ... In 

 some cases the female lost her bearings to such an extent as to continue the girdle 

 of cuts in a spiral direction, so that the last cut was above and nearly an eighth of 

 au inch from the first one. Sometimes the female did not first make 2 cuts from 

 the same point, but at once moved around the stem and made the second cut at the 

 end of the first, and so on around. Usually 4 or 5 cuts were sufficient to girdle a 

 shoot." 



The process was watched in a breeding cage in which an attempt had 

 been made to imitate as nearly as possible the native " heath " of the 

 insect. The female began laying within 15 minutes after being intro- 

 duced into the cage. 



Great mortality among the eggs and young grubs is noted. Not over 

 15 per cent of the eggs laid, as shown by material sent to the station 

 in 1896, developed full-grown borers. In many cases eggs did not 

 hatch. This latter fact the author endeavors to explain by supposing 

 that the unfertilized female will lay eggs and girdle shoots as readily 

 as a fertilized one. 



The habits of the borers, the extent of their tunnels, and their prepa- 

 rations for winter are discussed. Braeon apicatus is noted as the chief 

 natural enemy. Applying the facts of the life history of the insect, 

 the author advises as a remedy the cutting off and burning of the 

 affected shoots — about 3 in. from the tip, if done in May or June, soon 

 after the girdling is done; or about 8 in. from the tip if done later in 

 the year. 



The raspberry cane maggot is referred to the genus Phorbia, but is 

 not specifically identified. The author first learned of the ravages of 

 the insect in New York in May, 1895, when he received specimens from 

 localities in central New York. The insect begins its work as soon as 

 the shoots appear above ground in the latter part of April and contin- 



1 Syn. Cephns integer, C. filicornis, J. flaviventris, and Phyllwcusflaviventris. 



