ENTOMOLOGY. 573 



The development of .shade and ornamental tree spraying by individ- 

 uals or companies who make it their business is noted. The plan is 

 thought defective to the extent that many property owners are unable 

 to employ such a person or company; but this defect appears only from 

 the standpoint of complete protection. During the winter of 1895 and 

 1896 a company was formed in Xew York which had a number of excel- 

 lent steam spraying machines constructed and did a very considerable 

 amount of tree spraying during the summer of 1890. The initial 

 experiments, on the large elms on the Vale College campus, were wit- 

 nessed by the author. The machine nsed had a tank of 300 gal. capacity, 

 mounted on a strong platform 4 by 10 ft. in size, and this upon wagon 

 tracks, constructed especially for the apparatus. The engine had a 

 capacity of 1 horsepower and threw 1 streams, with a discharge pres- 

 sure of 00 lbs. each, through finch hose, 200 ft. lengths and nozzle 

 rods each 10 ft. long. The McGowan nozzle was used. Even the 

 tallest trees on the campus were quickly sprayed. But the machine is 

 criticised for an unnecessary waste of material and a disagreeable 

 amount of dripping from trees when spraying, but this is a difficulty 

 found with other machines, owing to the fact that a sufficiently finely 

 divided spray is not obtained. A Cyclone nozzle, it is thought, would 

 give better results. 



As to the danger of poisoning in spraying on such a large scale, the 

 author could learn of only one case which seemed to indicate that the 

 contact of the spray with the skin might be injurious, and this case 

 was doubtful. 



Concluding, it is stated that aside from the first cost of apparatus, 

 spraying by steam power on a large scale is economical, and that exten- 

 sive orchardists may find it protitable to construct such apparatus, and 

 in fruit-growing communities it may be found profitable to engage in 

 the business of spraying. Cities or towns having abundant shade trees 

 are advised to provide such steam apparatus for spraying. 



The oral apparatus of the Microlepidoptera, K. W. Gi:t the {Zool. Jahrb. Abt. 

 Syst., 10 (1897), Xo. 4, pp. 373-471, pis. 3). — Summarizing his extensive investigations 

 the author says that the labrum of the Microlepidoptera is a somewhat broad dis- 

 tallv directed plate of more or less rectangular ground form, with rounded corners, 

 which on the distal margin is broadly and deeply cleft, almost to the base. Man- 

 dibles occur generally. They are in one case (Micropterygime) in the form of 

 angular, sharp, horny-toothed structures. The first pair of maxilhe are provided 

 with cardo, stipes, lobus exteruus and interims, and palpus inaxillaris only in the 

 Micropteryginaj. In all other eases theyshowa decided reduction, so that only short 

 small basal pieces corresponding to the cardo and stipes, with palpus and lobus 

 externus, remain. The last is transformed into the coiled tongue, while the lobi 

 approach one another closely to form the canal, thus forming the typical lepidop- 

 teran tongue. In the Microlepidoptera it is entirely similar in detail to that in the 

 Maerolepidoptera. Only in a few cases is it simpler and rarely is it more or less 

 reduced. The second pair of maxilhe are typical, or with the cardines united to the 

 submentum and the stipes to the mentum and the lobi ami palpus free, only in the 

 Micropterygime. In all other cases the lobi disappear completely, the cardines and 

 stipes remain small, and the chitinous border bears both the labial palpi. 



