DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 



685 





poorer in fat after the cows had been at rest, as at night, while after 

 they had been in active motion, feeding-, etc., the fat was higher. This 

 is said to agree with the results obtained when cows arc worked. 



Proportion of ash and phosphates in cows' milk, L. Vaudin 

 (Ann. Chim. Analyt. et Appl., 2 (1*97), pp. 34-1-347 ; abs. in Analyst, 22 

 (1897), Nov., p. 282). — From analyses of the milk of several different 

 breeds of cows fed on a variety of fodder, the author concludes that in 

 normal milk the i>ercentage of ash ranges within the limits of 7 and 8 

 gin. per liter, of which 3.3 to 4 gm. consists of phosphates (lime, mag- 

 nesia, and iron) precipitable by ammonia. This is independent of breed, 

 soil, daily yield, etc., but the individuality of the animal and the diet 

 exercise a slight influence on the proportions between the above 

 limits. On the other hand, in milk rendered abnormal by pathological 

 or otheriutiuences, the percentage of ash and proteid bodies is increased, 

 but in an irregular manner. For example, in the case of a pregnant 

 cow the milk contained 52.10 per cent of albuminoids and 8.6 per cent 

 of ash, and that from one poisoned by oil cake infested with Aspergillus, 

 44 and 8.5 per cent, respectively; whereas in two instances the albumi- 

 noids of normal milk amounted to only 36.3 and 41.6 per cent. 



Concerning the phosphorus in human milk and cows' milk, J. 

 Stoklasa (Ztschr. Physiol, ('hem.. 23 (189? ), No. 4-5, pp. 343-346). — The 

 author finds that aside from the phosphorus in the casein and nuclein, 

 milk contains considerable phosphorus in the lecithin. He finds the 

 lecithin content of milk higher than previously reported. The range 

 per liter is 0.90 to 1.13 gm. for cows' milk, and 1.1 to 1.3 gin. for human 

 milk. Analyses showed human milk to contain 0.44 gm. of phosphoric 

 acid (as P 2 5 ) per liter and cows' milk 1.81 gm. Accordingly it is cal- 

 culated that human milk contains per liter 0.153 gm. of P 2 5 as lecithin, 

 while cows' milk contains only 0.091 gm., these amounts representing 

 35 per cent of the total P 2 5 in human milk and 5 per cent of that in 

 cows' milk. 



Siegfried gave the nuclein content per liter as from 0.55 to 0.0 gm. 

 for cows' milk, and from 1.1 to 1.3 gm. for human milk. 



The author calls attention to the analogy between milk and the 

 embryo of the seeds of some plants with respect to the form of the 

 organic phosphorus. 



Composition of the milk of Oldenburg breeding mares, P. 

 Petersen and H. Hofker (Mileli Ztg., 26 (1897), No. 41,pp. 647,618).— 

 The authors made analyses of the milk of 3 mares at different dates 

 after foaling. The maximum, minimum, and average composition of 

 the 10 samples analyzed is given in the following table: 



Composition of mares 1 milk. 



