796 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 



cent to 1.6 pel cent. This was iu the winter, when there was no difficulty in having 

 the milk cold enough. There is no doubt that in summer, during hot weather, tbe 

 average loss isscill greater. If the sepai at ing is done on the farm immediately after 

 the milkin<* the skim milk from the separator seldom tests more than 0.1 per cent, 

 ami frequently less than that. 



" From the result of these tests it seems impossible to escape the conclusion that the 

 average loss, where the milk is set in pans, cans, and crocks, is J of a pound of butter 

 more to each LOO lbs. of milk than where the separator is used. This means, with 

 milk of average richness (3.5 per cent butter fat), a loss of about 20 per cent of the 

 total product of butter. A herd of cows ought to average, per cow, 5,000 lbs. of 

 milk per year, and would do so if made up of good animals and well managed; but 

 even if tiny only average 3,000, the loss on one cow would be 22-J- lbs. of butter and 

 on 10 cows 225 lbs., which, at 20 cts. per lb., would be $15 a year." 



On butter aroma, H. Weigmann i Centbl. Bait. u. Par., 2. AM., 3 (1897), No. 19-20, 

 pp. 19J-504). — This is a controversial article in which the author discusses the origin 

 of the aroma of butter under normal conditions, and takes exception to the value of 

 organisms isolated especially for their aroma-producing qualities, since such orgau- 

 isms easily lose their specific action under those conditions. 



Home-made fancy cheese, G. E. W. {Sci. Amer., 78 (1S9S), No. 4, p. 54) —Popular 

 directions for making Roquefort, Stilton, Gorgonzola, and Gerome or Gerardmer 

 cheese. 



Notes on cheese making from sheep's milk in Transylvania, P. Thiele (Milch 

 Ztg., 26 (1S97), No. 46, pp. 727-729, fig. 1).— Directions are given for making 3 kinds 

 of cheese. 



On the Thistle milking machine, Schutt and Ahkexs (Milch Ztg., 20 (1897), No. 

 44. pp. 702, 703). 



Wahlin's patent butter accumulator (Milch Ztg., ?6 (1897), No. 51, pp. SIS, 814, 

 figs. 2). — An illustrated description of this English butter extractor. 



The Radiator, a new separator and churn, P. Martiny {Milch Ztg., 26 (1897), 

 No. 50, pp. 791, 792). 



Experiments with the Radiator, P. Martiny (Milch Ztg., 26 (1897), No. 52, pp. 

 823,8?4,fi.f/s. 2). — A brief resume of some experiments with this apparatus iu France, 

 Sweden, aud Germany. 



AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. 



Windmills for irrigation, E. C. Murphy ( Water Supply and Irrig. 

 Papers, U. S. Geol. Survey, No. S, i>i>. 19, pis. 8, fiys. 30). — This is a 

 condensed report of results- of experimental tests carried on during 

 the summer of 1896 upon windmills located for the greater part in the 

 vicinity of Garden, Kansas. 



"The inmipiug power of windmills, or the useful work they do when raising 

 water with reciprocating pumps of sizes from 1 to 10 in. diameter, is small — not 

 greater than 0.65 of 1 horsepower for 12-foot mills, and much less thau that claimed 

 for them by sonic windmill makers. . . . 



"Perhaps the most important result shown by these tests, and one that has not 

 been clearly shown before, as far as the writer has seen, is the influence of load on 

 mill, or a number of foot-pounds per stroke of pump on the power of a mill. . . . 

 The tests show that for high velocities— 20 or 30 miles — the power is very nearly pro- 

 portional to the load on the mill. Eor 30 miles per hour, a brake load of 2 lbs. gave 

 0.51 horsepower ; a 4-pound load, 1.09 horsepower; aud a 6-pound load, 1.55 horse- 

 power. . . . 



"Another fact brought out by these tests, and which follows as a result of the 

 previous ones, is that there should be some automatic device for increasing the load 



