ENTOMOLOGY. 1067 



No hope, whatever is held out for material aid from natural enemies, 

 though the black lady beetle (Pentilia misella) and the twice-stabbed 

 lady beetle (Chilocorus bivulnerus) are mentioned. 



In discussing the subject of distribution it is shown that the pest 

 may be carried to a considerable distance by birds, or the young scale 

 may be carried on the bodies of ants, grasshoppers, or, in fact, any 

 insect frequenting the branches of trees where the scales occur. The 

 wind is also an important factor, for it has been noted that the scales 

 have been scattered for a much greater distance from the trees on which 

 they were introduced in the direction of the prevailing winds of the 

 season. 



It is stated that the insect most likely to be confused with the scale 

 is the Putnam scale (Aspidiotus ancylus). According to the author's 

 observations, the quince does not suffer as badly as other fruit, while 

 the Early Richmond cherry seems proof against the scale and the 

 mulberry is not attacked at all. 



Notes on the treatment of the San Jose scale, with directions 

 for -winter work, W. B. Alwood ( Virginia Sta. Bui. 72, pp. 11). — 

 This bulletin is mostly made up from notes from a series of experiments 

 on the use of washes, etc. The resin and the salt-sulphur-lime washes 

 so successful on the Pacific coast were found to be of little value; nor 

 were any of the lye, soap, or kerosene emulsion preparations entirely 

 satisfactory. Kerosene of the 1-20° tiash test, although it killed all the 

 insects, was not satisfactory, inasmuch as it affected the trees. Where 

 potash solutions were fairly successful they were used in very strong 

 solutions. The soap solutions, even when very strong, it was found 

 must be applied with a brush. In only one instance was eradication 

 of the insect successful. 



With regard to winter treatment, it is shown that it is necessary to 

 remove the rough outer bark in the treatment of young orchards 

 before spraying with the soap preparations. It is believed that pure 

 kerosene may be used with safety on all hardy fruit trees in such 

 orchards, but it is not well at present to recommend its use by 

 untrained persons. In the treatment of old orchards the trunk and 

 branches should be cleared, and in all cases except peach, cherry, and 

 pear trees kerosene may be used if care be taken only to moisten the 

 bark with it. A further caution is to use it on a bright warm day, when 

 the plants are dry and when evaporation will take place quickly. For 

 peach and cherry trees a soap wash is thought safest. 



In the case of small fruits, shubbery, etc., where possible the entire 

 top should be cut away and destroyed. If a wash be used it should 

 be one made from a potash soap. If kerosene be used it should not be 

 lower than 120° flash test, since low grades are more injurious than 

 high ones. Inasmuch as 40 gal. of the oil will spray from 300 to 400 

 trees, according to size, this remedy is not thought expensive. 



