VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 1089 



Investigations of some faults in the consistency (grain) of butter, and the 

 causes of their appearance, V. Storch (Tidsskr. Landokon., 16 {1897), No. 5-6, -pp. 

 587-568). 



Swedish butter exhibitions during 1896, N. Engstrom (Landtmannen, 8 (1S97), 

 No. 42, pp. 597-600). — Abstract of the report published by the Swedish Agricultural 

 Department as Meddelanden fr&n Eongl. Landtbruksstyrelsev , Xo. 6, 1897. 



Pocketbook for dairymen for 1898, H. Appel (Lommebog for Mejcrister, 1898. 

 Copenhagen, 1897, pp. 257). 



Dairying in Norway in 1897 (Norsk Landmansblad, 17 {1898), No. 3, pp. $5-28). 



VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 



Report on the results of the investigations by the commission 

 for the study of the foot and mouth disease at the Institute for 

 Infectious Diseases at Berlin, Loeffler and Froscii (Centbl. Balct. 

 u. Par., 1. AM., 22 [1897), No. 10-11, pp. 257-259).— According to this 

 report the bacteria hitherto found and considered to be the cause of the 

 disease are accidental. A protozoan element, not the Sigel Bussenius 

 bacillus, seems to be the cause. Cattle and swine are especially suscep- 

 tible, while sheep, goats, dogs, guineas, house and field mice, and birds 

 are not subject to ariiticial infection with lymph containing this ele- 

 ment. Lymph from the vascular tracts affords the surest means for 

 infection by injection into peritoneal cavities or into muscles, as also by 

 rubbing on abraded mucous membranes. In animals injected intra- 

 venously fever appears in from one to three days, according to the 

 amount and the virulence of the lymph. Blisters appear first in the 

 mouth (in milch cows also on the udder) and in from one to two days 

 later on the feet. The blisters on the udder and the feet arise not 

 from external infection, but irom the virus circulating in the blood. 

 When they appear the virus disappears from the vascular tracts. 



For the purpose of injection 1/5,000 cc. of fresh lymph is sufficient, 

 smaller amounts, to 1 20,000 cc, are uncertain, and anything smaller 

 than 1 L'0,000 cc. is inoperative. The infective properties of the lymph 

 are destroyed by heating for twelve hours at 37° C. or at 70° C. for half 

 an hour, or by drying for twenty-four hours at summer temperature. 

 Kept in capillary tubes in an ice chest it retains its powers for fourteen 

 days, sometimes longer. 



Contrary to the published views of veterinary authorities, in the 

 greater number of affected animals sickness brings about immunity in 

 from two to three weeks after their becoming sick. Some animals are 

 naturally immune, others are very susceptible and become immune only 

 after a second illness. 



Some substance occurs in the blood of immune animals injected with 

 fresh lymph that renders the lymph powerless when mixed with the 

 blood of such animals and injected into susceptible animals. 



Cattle and swine may be made immune by inoculation with such a 

 mixture or by lymph warmed to the proper infecting point. Most ani- 

 mals require but one injection, and this may not apparently make the 



